Where are the Workers in the Chinese “Communist” Party?

Some interesting findings on the CCP’s class composition according to an official report of the party’s Organization Department

By Michael Pröbsting, International Secretary of the Revolutionary Communist International Tendency (RCIT), 21 June 2021, www.thecommunists.net

 

A few weeks ago, the South China Morning Post published a longer article about the social composition of the membership of the Chinese “Communist” Party. The figures in this article were based on the findings of the latest official report of the party’s Organization Department. [1] In this brief article we will summarize the most important and interesting conclusions of this report.

 

The CCP is without doubt a huge party – in fact, it is the largest party in the world (about as large as the right-wing Hindu-chauvinist BJP in India). It has a membership of 91.92 million, representing around 6.6% of the total Chinese population. If we subtract those below the age of 14 years [2], the share of the party members among the adult Chinese population rises to 7.5%.

 

However, while the CCP is definitely a very large party, it is not a communist party in any meaningful way. This becomes clear not only by the decades-long policy of its leadership to restore and expand capitalism in China and to even transform the country into an imperialist Great Power. [3] The pro-capitalist character of the party is also evident when one looks at its composition.

 

In theory, one could assume that a communist party is based on the working class. This is even more the case if such a party exists already for 100 years, is in power since nearly three quarter of century and presides over a country with a rapidly growing proletariat.

 

However, as a matter of fact, the CCP is definitely not a party of the working class. According to the party’s official data, the number of blue-collar workers in the membership declined from an already low figure of 7.25 million in 2012 to only 6.45 million in 2019 (i.e. 7% of the total membership). In the same period, the already large number of peasants increased from 25.35 million to 25.56 million (i.e. 27.8% of the total membership).

 

The number of “professional, technical and managerial staff” among party members – a category which includes white-collar workers but also large sectors of the middle class – grew from 26.93 million in 2012 to 31.61 million in 2019 (i.e. 34.4% of the total membership).

 

Likewise, the number of “government and Communist Party staff” – i.e. the bureaucracy in the narrow sense – increased from 7.16 million to 7.68 million.

 

In addition, the number of pensioner members grew in the same period from 15.54 million to 18.66 million while that of students (i.e. youth) declined from 2.91 million to 1.96 million.

 

These figures are highly revealing in several ways. First, it is telling that this “Communist” party has more members among the state and party bureaucracy than among the blue-collar workers.

 

Secondly, the share of blue-collar workers among the party members is much smaller than its share among China’s total labor force. In fact, according to official figures 27.5% of China’s total labor force was in industry in 2019. The share of those employed in agriculture was smaller (25.1%). [4] However, when it comes to the CCP membership, the share of those employed in agriculture is four times as large as those employed in industry! Can there be a more powerful confirmation of the RCIT assessment that the CCP is not a workers party?!

 

Thirdly, while the CCP is indeed a large party, one has to understand the meaning of this fact. This is not a party in struggle – this is a party which runs the country since 1949. In fact, it is the only party allowed to exist. Hence, by its very nature, this is a party which serves the ruling elite to control the popular masses via a large net of party functionaries and members. Furthermore, it is impossible to make career in China – in business, in the state apparatus, in the army, etc. – without a membership card of the CCP. In other words, a very large proportion of party members is motivated not by any kind of “Marxist” ideas but rather by a very practical desire to advance their career.

 

In summary, the CCP is not a party of the masses. It is rather a party dominated by the state and party bureaucracy with a certain social base mainly among the middle class, peasants and pensioners. Politically speaking, the CCP is an instrument of the Stalinist-capitalist ruling class in order to administer Chinese capitalism and to control the masses.

 

It is thanks to this party that, today, China provides the largest number of super-rich (1/3 of all billionaires in the world!). [5] Likewise, thanks to the CCP, it has the largest number of global leading corporations (the Fortune Global 500 list of 2020 has 124 companies from China and 121 from the U.S.). [6]

 

It is a shame that numerous Stalinists, Bolivarians and even some pseudo-Trotskyists still deny the reality and claim that the CCP would be a party advocating “socialism” or, at least, defending a “deformed workers state”.

 

The RCIT and all authentic Marxists characterize the CCP as a bourgeois, pro-capitalist party and an enemy of the working class! The workers and oppressed in China need a new, revolutionary party, fighting for the overthrow of the Stalinist-capitalist CCP!

 

 

 

Appendix:

 

Table 1. Membership of the Communist Party of China in 2012 and 2019 (in Millions and as a Share)

 

                                                                                                   2012                    2019                            2019

 

                                                                                                   (Millions)              (Millions)           (Share)

 

Blue-Collar Workers                                                               7.25                     6.45                            7%

 

Peasants                                                                                   25.35                   25.56                   27.8%

 

Professional, Technical and Managerial Staff                    26.93                   31.61                   34.4%

 

Government and Communist Party Staff                           7.16                     7.68                            8.4%

 

Students                                                                                   2.91                     1.96                            2.1%

 

Pensioners                                                                               15.54                   18.66                   20.3%

 

 

 



[1] Phoebe Zhang: China’s Communist Party in profile: its make-up by sex, ethnicity, age and profession, South China Morning Post, 1 June 2021, https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3135532/chinas-communist-party-profile-its-make-sex-ethnicity-age-and

[3] The RCIT has published numerous studies on this issue. See e.g. our book by Michael Pröbsting: Anti-Imperialism in the Age of Great Power Rivalry. The Factors behind the Accelerating Rivalry between the U.S., China, Russia, EU and Japan. A Critique of the Left’s Analysis and an Outline of the Marxist Perspective, RCIT Books, January 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/anti-imperialism-in-the-age-of-great-power-rivalry/; by the same author: Chinese Imperialism and the World Economy. An Essay published in the second edition of The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism (edited by Immanuel Ness and Zak Cope), Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2020, https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-319-91206-6_179-1; China‘s transformation into an imperialist power. A study of the economic, political and military aspects of China as a Great Power (2012), in: Revolutionary Communism No. 4, http://www.thecommunists.net/publications/revcom-number-4. See also many moree documents which are compiled at a special sub-page on the RCIT’s website: https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/china-russia-as-imperialist-powers/

[5] See e.g. Michael Pröbsting: China is Definitely the Place where You Want to Be (If You are a Billionaire). Following the Latest Report of the Hurun Global Rich List, 8.3.2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/asia/china-is-definitely-the-place-where-you-want-to-be-if-you-are-a-billionaire/; by the same author: China's Billionaire Lawmakers. A telling comparison of extremely wealthy Chinese lawmakers with their peers in the US Congress, 9 March 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/asia/china-s-billionaire-lawmakers/; China: A Paradise for Billionaires. The latest UBS/PwC Report about the Global Super-Rich Delivers another Crushing Blow to the Stalinist Myth of China’s “Socialism”, 27.10.2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/asia/china-is-a-paradise-for-billionaires/; China’s “Socialist“ Billionaires. Following the Latest Report about the Global Super-Rich, 16.11.2015, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/asia/china-s-billionaires/

[6] Fortune Global 500, August 2020, https://fortune.com/global500/.

 

중국“공산”당에 노동자는 어디 있는가?

중공당 계급성분에 관하여: 조직부 공식 보고서가 보여주는

 

미하엘 프뢰브스팅, RCIT 국제서기, 2021 6 21, www.thecommunists.net

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중국공산 100주년을 앞두고 얼마 중국 사우스차이나모닝포스트지는 중공당 당원의 사회적 성분에 대한 기사를 냈다. 기사에서 제시하고 있는 통계수치는 조직부의 최근 공식 보고서에 근거한 수치다.[1] 보고서의 결론은 중공당 조직과 관련하여 매우 중요하고 흥미로운 내용을 담고 있는데, 우리는 여기서 내용을 요약 제시하고자 한다.

 

중공당은 의심의 여지없이 거대한 정당이다. 실제로 세계에서 가장 정당이다. (우익 힌두 배외주의 당인 인도인민당 [BJP] 규모에서 중공당에 맞먹을 것이다.) 중공당 당원 수는 9192 명으로 전체 중국 인구의 6.6% 차지한다. 14 미만을 성인 중국 인구만 놓고 본다면[2], 당원 비율은 7.5% 된다.

 

그러나 중공당은 어느 면으로 보더라도 공산주의당이 아닌데, 이는 중국에서 자본주의를 복원, 확대하고 나아가 나라를 제국주의 강대국으로 변모시키기까지 지도부의 장기간의 ( 40년에 걸친) 정책으로 분명하게 드러난다.[3] 이제 중공당 자신의 공식 보고서에서 제시된 당의 계급적 성분을 봐도 중공당의 자본가적 성격이 뚜렷하게 나타난다.

 

기본적으로 공산주의당이라면 노동자계급에 기반을 당이다. 그러한 공산주의당이 이미 100 동안 존속하고 75 가까이 집권해 있으며 프롤레타리아트가 급속히 증대하고 있는 나라를 관장하고 있다면, 더더욱 공산주의당은 노동자계급 성분을 가진 당일 것으로 상정하는 것이 마땅할 것이다.

 

그러나 실제로는 중공당은 분명히 노동자계급의 정당이 아니다. 공식 자료에 따르면, 전체 당원에서 블루칼라 노동자 수는 2012년에 이미 725 명이라는 낮은 수치에서 2019 645 (전체 당원의 7%)으로 줄었다. 같은 기간, 이미 많은 농민 당원 수는 2,535 명에서 2,556 (전체 당원의 27.8%)으로 증가했다.

 

화이트칼라 노동자뿐만 아니라 중간계급 상당 부분을 포괄하는 범주인 "전문직, 기술직, 관리직" 당원 수는 2012 2,693 명에서 2019 3,161 (전체 당원의 34.4%)으로 증가했다.

 

또한 좁은 의미의 관료층을 가리키는 정부 직책자와 공산당 당직자 당원도 716 명에서 768 명으로 늘었다.

 

이에 더해 같은 기간 연금수령자 당원이 1,554 명에서 1,866 명으로 증가한 반해, 학생 (청년) 291 명에서 196 명으로 줄었다.

 

수치들은 여러 면에서 많은 것을 드러내 보인다. 첫째, "공산당은 블루칼라 노동자보다 국가 관료층 속에서 많은 당원을 보유하고 있다는 것을 말해주고 있다.

 

둘째, 중공당의 블루칼라 노동자 당원 비율을, 중국 전체 노동자 블루칼라 노동자 비율과 대비해 불균형이 현격히 나타나고 있다. 실제로 공식 통계에 따르면, 2019 중국 전체 노동인구의 27.5% 공업에 종사하는 비해 농업 종사자 비율은 25.1% 이보다 낮다.[4] 그러나 중공당 당원 구성에서는 농업 종사자 비율이 공업 종사자 비율의 4배에 달한다! 중국이 거대 다수의 프롤레타리아트 인구를 가진 나라라는 점을 감안할 , 중공당이 노동자의 당이 아니라는 우리의 평가를 확인해주는 보다 강력한 증거가 있을 있을까?

 

셋째, 중공당이 실로 정당이지만, 사실이 갖는 의미를 정확히 이해해야 한다. 당은 투쟁 중인 당이 아니다, 당은 1949 이래로 나라를 운영하는 당이다. 실제로 존재가 허용되고 있는 유일한 당이다. 그렇기 때문에, 본성상 당은 지배 엘리트가 당직자 당원의 거대 망조직을 통해 인민대중을 관리 감독하는 데서 도구로 복무하는 당이다. 나아가 중공당 당원증이 없으면 중국에서 경력을 쌓는 (기업에서, 국가기구에서, 군대에서, 등등) 것이 불가능하다. 다른 말로 하자면, 당원이 되고자 하는 동기가 모종의 "맑스주의" 사상에 의해서가 아니라 많은 부분 승진과 출세를 위한 욕망에 의해 동기부여를 받고 있다는 것이다.

 

요컨대, 중공당은 대중의 당이 아니다. 주로 중간계급, 농민, 연금수령자 속에 사회적 기반을 두고 국가· 관료층이 지배하는 당이다. 정치적으로 말해서 중공당은 스탈린주의-자본가 지배계급이 중국 자본주의를 관장하고 대중을 관리감독하기 위한 도구다.

 

오늘 중국이 세계에서 가장 많은 슈퍼리치(超富豪) 숫자 (세계 억만장자의 1/3) 기록을 내고 있는 것은 덕분이다.[5] 중공당 덕에 중국은 세계에서 가장 많은 글로벌 선도 기업을 보유하고 있다. (2020 포춘지 선정 글로벌 500 기업 중국 기업이 124, 미국 기업이 121).[6]

 

각종 스탈린주의자, 볼리바르주의자, 그리고 일부 사이비 트로츠키주의자들까지도 여전히 현실을 부인하고 중공당이 "사회주의" 창도하는 당이라거나, 또는 "기형화된 노동자 국가" 수호하는 당이라고 주장하는 것은 부끄러운 일이다.

 

모든 진정한 사회주의자들, 진정한 맑스주의자들은 중국공산당을 부르주아 , 친자본주의 당이자 노동자계급의 적으로 성격규정 한다. 중국에서 노동자·피억압자는 스탈린주의-자본가 중공당 타도를 위해 싸우는 새로운 혁명당이 필요하다!

 

 

 

부록:

 

1. 중공당 당원 구성, 2012 2019

 

                                                                  2012                 2019

 

블루칼라 노동자                                   725                645 (7%)

 

농민                                                       2,535            2,556 (27.8%)

 

전문직·기술직·관리직                       2,693            3,161 (34.4%)

 

정부직책자·당직자                               716               768 (8.4%)

 

학생                                                        291               196 (2.1%)

 

연금수령자                                         1,554            1,866 (20.3%)

 

 

 

---------------------------------------------------------

 

 

 

[1] Phoebe Zhang: China’s Communist Party in profile: its make-up by sex, ethnicity, age and profession, South China Morning Post, 1 June 2021, https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3135532/chinas-communist-party-profile-its-make-sex-ethnicity-age-and

 

[2] 다음을 보라, https://www.statista.com/statistics/250753/number-of-people-in-china-by-age-group/

 

[3] 문제에 관해서는 다음을 보라. Michael Pröbsting: Anti-Imperialism in the Age of Great Power Rivalry. The Factors behind the Accelerating Rivalry between the U.S., China, Russia, EU and Japan. A Critique of the Left’s Analysis and an Outline of the Marxist Perspective, RCIT Books, January 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/anti-imperialism-in-the-age-of-great-power-rivalry/ [<<강대국 패권쟁투 시대에 반제국주의>> https://www.thecommunists.net/home/%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4/book-anti-imperialism-in-the-age-of-great-power-rivalry/]; 같은 저자: Chinese Imperialism and the World Economy. An Essay published in the second edition of The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism (edited by Immanuel Ness and Zak Cope), Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2020, https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-319-91206-6_179-1; China‘s transformation into an imperialist power. A study of the economic, political and military aspects of China as a Great Power (2012), in: Revolutionary Communism No. 4, http://www.thecommunists.net/publications/revcom-number-4. 다음의 RCIT 웹사이트 상의 별도 하위 페이지에 많은 문서가 있다. https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/china-russia-as-imperialist-powers/

 

[4] https://www.statista.com/statistics/270327/distribution-of-the-workforce-across-economic-sectors-in-china/

 

[5] 다음을 보라. Michael Pröbsting: China is Definitely the Place where You Want to Be (If You are a Billionaire). Following the Latest Report of the Hurun Global Rich List, 8.3.2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/asia/china-is-definitely-the-place-where-you-want-to-be-if-you-are-a-billionaire/ [<중국은 당신이 살고 싶은 맞다 (당신이 억만장자라면)> https://www.thecommunists.net/home/%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4/hurun-global-rich-list/] ; 같은 저자: China's Billionaire Lawmakers. A telling comparison of extremely wealthy Chinese lawmakers with their peers in the US Congress, 9 March 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/asia/china-s-billionaire-lawmakers/; China: A Paradise for Billionaires. The latest UBS/PwC Report about the Global Super-Rich Delivers another Crushing Blow to the Stalinist Myth of China’s “Socialism”, 27.10.2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/asia/china-is-a-paradise-for-billionaires/; China’s “Socialist“ Billionaires. Following the Latest Report about the Global Super-Rich, 16.11.2015, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/asia/china-s-billionaires/

 

[6] Fortune Global 500, August 2020, https://fortune.com/global500/.