On the potential consequences of an ECOWAS invasion for West Africa, Europe and the global rivalry between the Great Powers
By Michael Pröbsting, Revolutionary Communist International Tendency (RCIT), 5 August 2023, www.thecommunists.net
The aggression against Niger by Western powers and their local allies could provoke a major war within the next days. Such a conflict would have massive consequences not only for West Africa but also for the whole northern half of the continent. Furthermore, it would have important ramifications for European imperialism. And, finally, such a war would inevitably intersect with the global rivalry between the imperialist Great Powers of East and West.
This is all the more explosive since there exists already another ongoing major conflict of global relevance which combines a national liberation war with inter-imperialist rivalry – the Ukraine War. For all these reasons, the looming war against Niger deserves utmost attention by revolutionary socialists and anti-imperialist activists in Africa as well as globally.
Before dwelling on why we consider this conflict as regionally and globally important, we shall first summarise the latest developments. In this context, we shall also briefly explain the RCIT’s position on the coup in Niger and on a possible war against the new junta which we did elaborate in two statements. [1]
An escalating conflict
In our view, socialists could not lend any support to the military coup which the Presidential Guard carried out on 26 July, resulting in the detention of President Bazoum and the appointment of General Tchiani as the new leader. The coup was triggered by a power struggle between Bazoum and the head of the presidential guard, General Tchiani. The latter has been close to former Nigerien president Issoufou, who stepped down in 2021 after a decade in office. When Bazoum tried to replace Tchiani, the Presidential Guard responded with a putsch. [2]
In itself, a military coup which brings the army to power strengthens the bonapartist power of the capitalist state apparatus. And while putschist officers might seek popular support on one or the other occasion, they have no interest to hand power to the masses. Naturally, socialists could also not side with Bazoum, an utterly corrupted lackey of Western imperialism.
Nevertheless, one must not ignore that this coup – similar to other coups in Mali and in Burkina Faso in the past three years – has received support from sectors of the masses as it intersected with wide-spread popular hatred against Western imperialism, most importantly against the former colonial power France. This has become obvious in the past days which saw mass demonstrations in Niamey and other Nigerien cities on 30 July and on 3 August. Thousands of people chanted slogans against France and attacked the French embassy. The social movement M62 – which was repressed by the Bazoum government – even called for detaining European civilians until all foreign troops leave Niger.
It was therefore not surprising that France, the EU and the U.S. as well as their local allies – the alliance ECOWAS which is dominated by Nigeria – immediately denounced the coup and demanded the reinstalment of their puppet Bazoum. They imposed sanctions against Niger and set an ultimatum (until 6 August) after which ECOWAS threatens to invade Niger. Western powers would certainly support the ECOWAS invasion against Niger, as French Foreign Minister Catherine Colonna already indicated. [3]
Against this background, the junta of General Tchiani said it was terminating the military agreements and protocols signed with France and announced the end of functions for Niger’s ambassadors to France, the United States, Togo and Nigeria.
A military attack of ECOWAS against Niger has the potential to provoke a regional conflict since Bamako and Ouagadougou declared: "Any military intervention against Niger would be tantamount to a declaration of war against Burkina Faso and Mali." Hence, we could see a war between several West African states in the next weeks.
In other words, a coup – triggered by a vulgar power struggle between two sector of the capitalist state apparatus – has provoked a major confrontation between Western imperialist powers and their local allies against a poor semi-colonial country. Hence, the Western aggression as well as the anti-French intervention of the masses in Niger which pushed the new junta to take a confrontational approach against the Western powers have opened a political process characterized by an anti-imperialist dynamic.
In such a situation, it would be criminal for socialists to stand aside. It is the foremost duty of revolutionaries and anti-imperialists to defend Niger against the aggression by imperialist powers and their local proxies. Hence, we stated in the RCIT statement: ”We call for an immediate end of sanctions. In case of a military intervention by ECOWAS troops (which will be directly or indirectly supported by Western powers), we call for the military defence of Niger and for the defeat of the pro-imperialist invaders. Likewise, socialists demand the expulsion of US/European troops from Niger.”
Regional and global ramifications
Without understanding the anti-imperialist character of this process, it is impossible to understand the regional and global relevance of the current events in Niger.
This is even more the case as Africa is a rapidly growing continent of 1.4 billion people. While it is home to a wide range of natural resources, it is also the world's poorest and least-developed continent – a result of centuries of imperialist oppression and super-exploitation. Social misery and political instability have massively increased since the beginning of a new historic period in 2008 with the Great Recession and the acceleration of inter-imperialist rivalry (with the rise of China and Russia as new Great Powers). This process deepened even more with the Great Depression and the COVID Counterrevolution in 2019/20. Hence it is no accident that Africa experienced 13 coup attempts − 10 of them successful − since 2020.
The coup in Niger has special relevance for Western imperialism because the country is home to some of the world's largest uranium deposit which is of crucial importance for Europe’s nuclear energy industry. One in three lightbulbs in France are powered by uranium from Niger. However, typical for Niger’s position as a capitalist semi-colony, its uranium industry is owned by a so-called “joint venture” between Niger and France called Société des mines de l’Aïr (Somaïr). 85% of Somaïr is owned by France’s Atomic Energy Commission and two French companies, while only 15% is owned by Niger’s government. [4]
Furthermore, after their expulsion from Mali and Burkina Faso, Niger is the last country where France and the U.S. have major military bases – including a huge drone base in the northern region of Agadez as well as a combined military force of 2,600 troops. Loosing Niger would mean for European and U.S. imperialism to lose a crucial foothold to control West Africa.
The Western powers and their local allies – most importantly the Nigerian government of Bola Tinubu which recently came to power via electoral fraud – fear that if they don’t crush the new junta in Niger, other countries might follow. In February, the junta of Burkina Faso had hosted a meeting with representatives of Mali and Guinea where they discussed the creation of a new federation of these states. After the recent events, it is likely that Niger will be invited to join such a project. [5]
Such development is worrying European governments not only because of the threat of losing political influence and economic gains but also because they fear another wave of migration. As we pointed out in the past, Brussels invests large sums and cultivates close relations with dictatorships in Tunisia and Egypt in order to safeguard the imperialist fortress Europe. [6]
The military juntas are no progressive regimes!
Socialists have no reason to glorify the new military juntas in Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea and Niger. These are not progressive or even socialist regimes. Usually, they involve military figures who participated in the past years in the “anti-terror” operations led by France and the U.S.
In the case of Niger, we did already mention that General Tchiani has been a close confident of former President Issoufou who made Niger a key military foothold of French and U.S. imperialism. Another key figure of the putschists is Brigadier General Moussa Salaou Barmou, who is the chief of the special operations forces in Niger. He was trained in the United States at Fort Benning, and he’s been a darling of the U.S. government for many years. [7]
Furthermore, the junta leaders don’t have (and can not have) a socialist program of building a country ruled by the workers and poor peasants, expropriating foreign corporations and breaking with imperialism. They rather build a capitalist bonapartist regime which tends to look for collaboration with other imperialist powers like Russia and China.
We have seen this already in Mali where the junta basically replaced the French troops with Wagner mercenaries. And Captain Ibrahim Traoré has strongly expressed Burkina Faso’s support for Putin and Russian imperialism at the recently held Russia-Africa Summit.
Understanding confused consciousness of the masses in historical context
Nevertheless, one has to understand every development in its context since, as Lenin once noted, “the individual exists only in the connection that leads to the universal.” [8] To judge developments like the current events in Niger, one must start from the country’s history as a (semi-)colony of French imperialism. If sectors of the masses praise Putin or have illusions in Russia, this is primarily a reflection of their hatred for the old colonial master. They hate what they know and hope for something which they don’t know.
Likewise, one has to analyse the developments carefully. Countries like Niger have been under control of French imperialism for more than a century. When a process of mass struggle for anti-colonial emancipation starts – even if it is combined with pro-Russian sympathies – it does not mean that the country has become a (semi-)colony of Russia. True, this could be the result of such a process if it takes place under the leadership of a bourgeois regime and if the masses don’t intervene against such degeneration. But the possible outcome must not be confused with the reality today, with the process as it currently evolves. The task of socialists is to intervene in such a process and to work towards its evolution in an anti-imperialist – and not only anti-French or anti-Western – direction.
Furthermore, to assess the situation in Niger it is not sufficient to look only to the top figures of the new junta but also to the developments among the masses. And here it is evident that the recent events, including the escalation of tensions with France and Nigeria, have provoked massive anti-French sentiments – something which socialists can not but recognise as a progressive, anti-imperialist development.
It is true that such progressive dynamic of resistance against the long-term colonial master goes hand in hand with some misplaced illusions in another imperialist master – Russia – with which the masses have no experience. This is an unfortunate development and socialists have to explain that Russian imperialism is no less an imperialist butcher than Western powers. Russia’s role in the brutal occupation of Chechnya and the Ukraine, its decisive support for the tyranny of Assad in Syria, its close relations with the arch-reactionary putschists in Sudan or with General Haftar in Libya – all that shows that authentic socialists oppose Russian imperialism no less than its Western rivals. Hence, the RCIT calls for the expulsion not only of Western troops but also of all Wagner mercenaries from Africa! [9]
Nevertheless, as materialists we understand that the masses – entering the struggle with illusions and confusion – hate the oppressor they know much more than the oppressor they only now from TV screens. We have seen similar developments in Bosnia in 1992-95, in Kosova 1997-99 or, currently, in the Ukraine. In these cases, people entertained massive illusions in Western powers. The task of socialists is the same as it has been in case of Bosnia, Kosova and the Ukraine: to patiently explain why the workers and poor peasants need to oppose all imperialist powers. But it would be reactionary and sectarian to stand aside from a just war of national defence because the masses have backward illusions or because an imperialist power tries to utilise such a conflict for its own advantage.
A war with a dual character?
If the conflict in West Africa escalates and a war starts, it is likely that it will not only involve European and American imperialism directly or indirectly but also – sooner or later – their Eastern rivals. It is clear that Russia – currently in the middle of a major war against the Ukraine as well as in a global conflict with NATO – would try to exploit the weaknesses of its rivals. The Kremlin has already its footholds in Mali and Burkina Faso (as well as in the Central African Republic, Sudan and in the Libyan territories under control of General Haftar). It is likely that sooner or later the new junta in Niger, which is already closely collaborating with these two neighbouring states – would also turn towards Moscow for support. [10]
Hence, a war in Niger respectively West Africa where Western and Eastern Great Powers support opposing sides would automatically give the conflict a global dimension. Without ignoring important possible differences, it could assume a dual character similar to the Ukraine War, i.e. it could be a just war of national defence by Niger combined with a global conflict between imperialist powers. [11]
In such a situation, socialists would have the duty to apply what the RCIT calls a dual tactic. This means supporting Niger’s struggle against the invasion of ECOWAS/France and advocating the defeat of the pro-Western forces. Naturally, such a defence would be limited to the practical resistance and does not involve any political support for the new junta in Niamey. At the same time, socialists must not lend support to any Great Power – neither France, the EU, U.S. nor Russia (or China) – and must warn against any interference of Russia in Niger.
The next days and weeks will show if the conflict in West Africa transform into a major war. It deserves utmost attention by revolutionary socialists and anti-imperialist activists in Africa as well as globally!
[1] RCIT: ECOWAS, France and U.S.: Hands Off Niger! Defend Niger against sanctions and military intervention! No political support for the junta of General Tchiani! Expel all US/European troops from Niger! 1 August 2023, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/ecowas-france-and-u-s-hand-off-niger/; RSV: Niger: President Bazoum is Ousted in a Coup, 28th July, 2023, https://communism4africa.wordpress.com/2023/07/29/niger-president-bazoum-is-ousted-in-a-coup/
[2] See on this e.g. Sam Mednick: French embassy in Niger is attacked as protesters waving Russian flags march through capital, Associated Press, 30 July 2023, https://apnews.com/article/niger-coup-mohamed-bazoum-military-junta-sahel-88ccaa2f004db44601e59475199c5fbe; Nimo Omer: The global fallout from Niger’s coup, 1 Aug 2023 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/01/first-edition-niger-coup-explainer
[3] France supports ECOWAS intervention in Niger, foreign minister says, France 24, 05/08/2023, https://www.france24.com/en/france/20230805-france-supports-ecowas-intervention-in-niger-foreign-minister-says
[4] Vijay Prashad and Kambale Musavuli: Niger Is the Fourth Country in the Sahel to Experience an Anti-Western Coup, 02.08.2023, https://countercurrents.org/2023/08/niger-is-the-fourth-country-in-the-sahel-to-experience-an-anti-western-coup/
[5] Ibid
[6] RKOB (Austrian Section of the RCIT): EU-Tunisia: Down with the Anti-Migration Deal! No to the imperialist Fortress Europe – open the borders! Down with Tunisia’s dictator Kais Saied! 18 July 2023, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/europe/eu-tunisia-down-with-the-anti-migration-deal/
[7] Niger Mutiny: Another U.S.-Trained Military Officer Led Coup. U.S.-trained military officers have taken part in 11 coups in West Africa since 2008, Interview with Nick Turse, The Intercept, 2 August 2023, https://theintercept.com/2023/08/02/intercepted-podcast-niger-coup-us-military-officer/
[8] V.I. Lenin: On the Question of Dialectics (1915); in: CW 38, p.359
[9] The RCIT has published numerous documents about capitalism in Russia and its rise to an imperialist power. The most important ones are several pamphlets by Michael Pröbsting: The Peculiar Features of Russian Imperialism. A Study of Russia’s Monopolies, Capital Export and Super-Exploitation in the Light of Marxist Theory, 10 August 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/the-peculiar-features-of-russian-imperialism/; by the same author: Lenin’s Theory of Imperialism and the Rise of Russia as a Great Power. On the Understanding and Misunderstanding of Today’s Inter-Imperialist Rivalry in the Light of Lenin’s Theory of Imperialism. Another Reply to Our Critics Who Deny Russia’s Imperialist Character, August 2014, http://www.thecommunists.net/theory/imperialism-theory-and-russia/; Russia as a Great Imperialist Power. The formation of Russian Monopoly Capital and its Empire – A Reply to our Critics, 18 March 2014 (this pamphlet contains a document written in 2001 in which we established for the first time our characterisation of Russia as imperialist), http://www.thecommunists.net/theory/imperialist-russia/; see also the following essays by the same author: 'Empire-ism' vs a Marxist analysis of imperialism: Continuing the debate with Argentinian economist Claudio Katz on Great Power rivalry, Russian imperialism and the Ukraine War, 3 March 2023, https://links.org.au/empire-ism-vs-marxist-analysis-imperialism-continuing-debate-argentinian-economist-claudio-katz; Russia: An Imperialist Power or a “Non-Hegemonic Empire in Gestation”? A reply to the Argentinean economist Claudio Katz, in: New Politics, 11 August 2022, at https://newpol.org/russia-an-imperialist-power-or-a-non-hegemonic-empire-in-gestation-a-reply-to-the-argentinean-economist-claudio-katz-an-essay-with-8-tables/; Russian Imperialism and Its Monopolies, in: New Politics Vol. XVIII No. 4, Whole Number 72, Winter 2022, https://newpol.org/issue_post/russian-imperialism-and-its-monopolies/; Once Again on Russian Imperialism (Reply to Critics). A rebuttal of a theory which claims that Russia is not an imperialist state but would be rather “comparable to Brazil and Iran”, 30 March 2022, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/once-again-on-russian-imperialism-reply-to-critics/. See various other RCIT documents on this issue at a special sub-page on the RCIT’s website: https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/china-russia-as-imperialist-powers/.
[10] The RCIT has dealt on numerous occasions with the inter-imperialist rivalry of the Great Powers. See e.g. RCIT: World Perspectives 2021-22: Entering a Pre-Revolutionary Global Situation, 22 August 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/world-perspectives-2021-22/; see also our book by Michael Pröbsting: Anti-Imperialism in the Age of Great Power Rivalry. The Factors behind the Accelerating Rivalry between the U.S., China, Russia, EU and Japan. A Critique of the Left’s Analysis and an Outline of the Marxist Perspective, RCIT Books, Vienna 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/anti-imperialism-in-the-age-of-great-power-rivalry/; see also the following works by the same author: “A Really Good Quarrel”. US-China Alaska Meeting: The Inter-Imperialist Cold War Continues, 23 March 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/us-china-alaska-meeting-shows-continuation-of-inter-imperialist-cold-war/; Servants of Two Masters. Stalinism and the New Cold War between Imperialist Great Powers in East and West, 10 July 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/servants-of-two-masters-stalinism-and-new-cold-war/; for more works on this issue see these sub-pages: https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/china-russia-as-imperialist-powers/ and https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/collection-of-articles-on-the-global-trade-war/.
[11] We refer readers to a special page on our website where all RCIT documents on the Ukraine War and the current NATO-Russia conflict are compiled: https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/compilation-of-documents-on-nato-russia-conflict/. In particular we refer to the RCIT Manifesto: Ukraine War: A Turning Point of World Historic Significance. Socialists must combine the revolutionary defense of the Ukraine against Putin’s invasion with the internationalist struggle against Russian as well as NATO and EU imperialism, 1 March 2022, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/manifesto-ukraine-war-a-turning-point-of-world-historic-significance/; see also: Manifesto on the First Anniversary of the Ukraine War. Victory to the heroic Ukrainian people! Defeat Russian imperialism! No support whatsoever for NATO imperialism! 10 February 2023, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/manifesto-on-first-anniversary-of-ukraine-war/
ECOWAS의 침략이 서아프리카와 유럽에, 그리고 세계 제국주의 패권쟁투에 미칠 잠재적 결과들에 대하여
미하엘 프뢰브스팅, 혁명적 공산주의인터내셔널 동맹 (RCIT), 2023년 8월 5일, www.thecommunists.net
서방 열강과 그들의 현지 동맹들에 의한 니제르 침략은 수일 내에 큰 전쟁으로 비화할 수 있다. 그러한 충돌은 서아프리카뿐만 아니라 아프리카대륙의 북반부 전체에 심대한 결과를 가져올 것이다. 나아가, 유럽 제국주의에 중대한 영향을 미칠 것이다. 그리고 최종적으로는 세계적 차원에서, 필연적으로 서방 대 러시아 (및 중국) 간의 제국주의 패권쟁투와 교차할 것이다.
이 충돌이 더더욱 폭발적 성격을 갖는 것은 이미 또 하나의 세계적 연관을 가진 큰 충돌이 현재 진행 중이기 때문이다. 민족해방 전쟁과 제국주의 상호 패권경쟁이 결합된, 글로벌 파장 속에서 벌어지고 있는 우크라이나 전쟁 말이다. 이 모든 이유로 인해, 다가오는 니제르 전쟁은 아프리카에서뿐만 아니라 전 세계적으로 혁명적 사회주의자들과 반제국주의 활동가들의 최고 주목을 받아 마땅하다.
왜 이 충돌을 역내 차원에서, 그리고 글로벌 차원에서 중요하게 보는지 그 이유를 자세히 설명하기 전에 우리는 먼저 최근 사태전개에 대해 요약 제시할 것이다. 또한, 이 맥락에서 니제르의 쿠데타 및 이후 예상되는 전쟁에 대한 RCIT 입장 ㅡ 앞서 두 성명을 통해 밝힌 바 있는 ㅡ 을 간략히 설명할 것이다.[1]
고조되는 갈등
우리가 볼 때, 사회주의자들은 7월 26일 대통령 경호대가 실행한, 바줌 대통령 구금과 치아니 경호대장의 새 국가원수 선포로 결과한 이 군사 쿠데타에 어떠한 지지도 줄 수 없다. 쿠데타는 바줌과 치아니 장군 간의 권력투쟁으로 촉발되었다. 치아니는 10년 집권 끝에 2021년 물러난 이수프 전 대통령의 측근이었다. 바줌이 치아니를 교체하려 하자 대통령 경호대가 쿠데타로 대응한 것이다.[2]
본질적으로, 군이 권력을 장악하는 군사 쿠데타는 자본주의 국가기구의 보나파르트주의적 권력을 강화한다. 그리고 쿠데타 장교들이 인민적 지지를 구하는 경우들이 있을 수 있지만, 인민대중에게 권력을 넘겨주는 것에는 관심이 없다. 당연히 사회주의자들은 서방 제국주의의 부패한 시종인 바줌 또한 편 들 수 없다.
그럼에도, 지난 3년 말리와 부르키나파소의 쿠데타들과 유사하게, 이 쿠데타가 서방 제국주의, 특히 이전 식민 상전 프랑스에 대한 광범위한 인민적 증오와 교차하면서 상당 부분의 대중으로부터 지지를 받았다는 점을 무시해서는 안 된다. 이러한 대중 지지는 7월 30일과 8월 3일 수도 니아메와 그 밖의 도시들에서의 대규모 시위로 확인된다. 수천 명의 시위자가 프랑스에 반대하는 구호를 외쳤고 프랑스 대사관을 공격했다. 바줌 정부에 탄압 받고 있던 사회운동 M62는 모든 외국 군대가 니제르를 떠날 때까지 유럽 민간인들의 구금을 요구하기까지 했다.
따라서 프랑스·EU와 미국뿐만 아니라 그들의 현지 동맹 ECOWAS(서아프리카경제연합)도 즉각 쿠데타를 규탄하고 꼭두각시 바줌의 복위를 요구한 것은 이런 배경에서다. 그들은 니제르에 대한 제재를 가하고 바줌 복위 최후통첩 (8월 6일까지)을 날리면서, 수용하지 않으면 ECOWAS가 니제르를 침공할 것이라고 위협했다. 프랑스 외무장관 카트린 콜로나가 이미 밝혔듯이 서방 열강은 확실히 ECOWAS의 니제르 침공을 지지할 것이다.[3]
이런 배경 속에서 치아니 군사정권은 프랑스와 맺은 군사 협정 및 의정서를 종료한다고 선포했고, 프랑스, 미국, 토고, 나이지리아 주재 니제르 대사들에 대한 직무 종결을 발표했다.
부르키나파소와 말리의 군사정부들이 "니제르에 대한 어떠한 군사 개입도 부르키나파소와 말리에 대한 선전포고와 다를 바 없다"고 선언함에 따라, 니제르에 대한 ECOWAS의 군사적 공격은 지역 분쟁으로 비화할 가능성이 농후해졌다. 따라서 몇 주 안에 서아프리카 국가들 간의 전쟁이 일어날 수 있는 상황을 지금 맞이하고 있는 것이다.
요컨대, 자본주의 국가기구 두 분파 간의 권력투쟁으로 촉발된 쿠데타가 서방 제국주의 열강 및 그들의 현지 동맹과 가난한 반식민지 나라 간의 대결을 불러일으킨 것이다. 따라서 한편에서 서방의 도발·공격, 다른 한편에서 새 군사정권이 서방 열강에 대한 대결적 접근태도를 취하도록 밀어붙인 니제르 대중의 반 프랑스 개입, 이 두 가지가 반제국주의 동역학을 특징으로 하는 정치 과정을 열었다고 하겠다.
이 같은 상황에서 사회주의자들이 한쪽으로 비켜서 있는 것은 범죄다. 제국주의 열강과 그들의 현지 대리인들의 침략에 맞서 니제르를 방어하는 것이 혁명가들과 반제국주의자들의 일차적 의무다. 우리가 RCIT 성명을 통해 다음과 같이 천명한 이유다. “우리는 즉각적인 제제 종식을 요구한다. ECOWAS 군대에 의한 군사개입 (이 군사개입에 대해서는 서방 열강의 직간접적 지지가 있을 것이다) 시에, 우리는 니제르의 군사적 방어와 친제국주의 침략자들의 패배를 요구한다.”
역내 파장, 글로벌 파장
이 과정의 반제국주의적 성격을 인식함이 없이는 니제르 현 사태의 지역적·세계적 관련성을 이해할 수 없다.
아프리카가 인구 14억 명으로 빠르게 성장하고 있는 대륙이라는 점에서 더더욱 그러하다. 아프리카는 광범위에 걸친 천연자원의 본고장이지만, (수세기에 걸친 제국주의 억압과 초과착취의 결과로) 세계에서 가장 가난한, 가장 발달이 뒤쳐진 대륙이기도 하다. 2008년 대불황 및 제국주의 간 패권경쟁 가속화와 함께 새로운 역사적 시기가 시작된 이래로 사회적 고통과 정치적 불안정이 크게 증가했다. 이 과정은 2019/20년 대공황과 코로나 반혁명으로 더욱 심화되었다. 따라서 아프리카가 2020년 이후 13번의 쿠데타를 겪은 것은 우연이 아니다.
서방 제국주의한테 니제르의 쿠데타는 특별한 의미를 가지는데, 이는 니제르가 유럽의 원자력산업에 절대적 중요성을 갖는 세계 최대의 우라늄 매장량을 보유하고 있기 때문이다. 프랑스의 백열등 세 개 중 한 개는 니제르의 우라늄으로 켜진다. 그러나 자본주의 반식민지 나라에 전형적인 양상으로서, 니제르의 우라늄 산업은 니제르와 프랑스 간의 소위 “합작회사” 소마이어(Somaïr)가 지배하고 있다. 소마이어의 지분 85%는 프랑스의 원자력·대체에너지 위원회(CEA)와 두 프랑스 회사가 소유하고 있는 반면, 니제르 정부의 지분은 15%에 불과하다.[4]
더욱이, 말리와 부르키나파소에서 프랑스·미국이 축출된 후, 니제르는 프랑스·미국이 주요 군사 기지를 가지고 있는 마지막 나라다. (북부 아가데즈 지역에 미군의 거대 드론 기지가 있다. 그리고 프랑스 군과 미군 병력이 합쳐서 2,600명 정도 된다). 니제르를 잃는 것은 유럽·미 제국주의한테는, 서아프리카를 통제할 수 있는 중요한 발판을 잃는 것을 의미한다.
서방 열강과 그들의 현지 동맹들 ㅡ 특히 최근 부정선거로 집권한 볼라 티누부 나이지리아 정부를 비롯하여 ㅡ 은 니제르 새 군사정권을 꺾어놓지 않으면 다른 나라들이 그 뒤를 따를까봐 두려워한다. 지난 2월에 부르키나파소 군사정권은 말리와 기니의 대표들과 회의를 주최하여 이들 국가를 주축으로 하는 새 연방 창설에 대해 논의했다. 이번 사태 뒤, 니제르는 그러한 연방 창설 프로젝트에 동참하도록 초대될 가능성이 높다.[5]
이러한 사태발전에 유럽 정부들이 두려움을 갖는 것은 정치적 영향력과 경제적 이득을 잃을 수 있다는 위협 때문만이 아니다. 또 한 차례 대대적인 이주 물결이 일 것을 또한 두려워해서다. 이미 우리가 다른 성명 글에서 지적했듯이, EU는 제국주의 요새 유럽을 보호하기 위해 튀니지와 이집트의 독재정권들에게 거액을 투자하고 그들과 긴밀한 관계를 구축하고 있다.[6]
이들 군사정권은 진보 정권이 아니다!
사회주의자들은 말리, 부르키나파소, 기니, 그리고 니제르의 새 군사정권들을 미화할 이유가 없다. 이들은 진보 정권도, “반제 정권”도 아니다. 보통 이들 군사정권은 지난 몇 년 프랑스·미국이 이끈 "대테러" 작전에 참여했던 군 인사들로 구성되어 있다.
니제르의 경우, 우리는 치아니 장군이 니제르를 프랑스·미 제국주의의 핵심 군사 거점으로 만든 이수프 전 대통령의 측근이었다고 이미 언급한 바 있다. 쿠데타 군부의 또 다른 핵심 인물은 니제르의 특수작전군 여단장인 무사 살라우 바르무 준장이다. 그는 미 육군 보병훈련센터 포트베닝에서 훈련을 받았고, 지금까지 미국 정부의 애호를 받은 인물이다.[7]
나아가, 군사정권 수뇌부는 노동자·빈농이 통치하는 나라를 세워 외국 기업을 몰수하고 제국주의와 단절하는 사회주의 프로그램을 가지고 있지 않은 것은 물론이고, 오히려 그러한 강령을 적대시할 것이다. 반대로 그들은 자본주의-보나파르트주의 정권을 세워 다른 제국주의 열강 ㅡ 러시아나 중국 같은 ㅡ 과의 협력을 모색하려 한다.
우리는 이미 말리에서 이를 본 바 있다. 말리의 군사정권은 프랑스 군대를 바그너 용병으로 대체했다. 그리고 부르키나파소의 군사정권은 최근 열린 러시아-아프리카 정상회담에서 푸틴과 러시아 제국주의 지지를 강력히 표명했다.
대중의 혼란된 의식을 역사적 맥락 속에서 이해하기
그럼에도 우리는 매 사태발전을 그것의 맥락 속에 놓고 이해해야 한다. 레닌이 개별과 보편의 관계를 두고, "개별은 보편으로 이어지는 연관 속에서만 존재한다"고 언급했듯이 말이다.[8] 현 니제르 쿠데타와 같은 사태발전을 옳게 판단하려면, 프랑스 제국주의의 (반)식민지로서의 니제르 역사에서 출발해야 한다. 만약 대중이 푸틴을 찬양하거나 러시아에 환상을 가지고 있다면, 이는 일차적으로 옛 식민 지배자에 대한 증오의 반영이다. 대중은 그들이 알고 있는 것을 증오하고 그들이 알지 못하는 것에 대해 희망을 갖는다.
또, 주의 깊은 평가분석이 이루어져야 한다. 니제르와 같은 나라들은 1세기 이상 프랑스 제국주의의 지배하에 있어 왔다. 반식민 해방을 위한 대중투쟁 과정이 시작될 때, 비록 그 해방투쟁이 친러시아 동조 의식과 결합되더라도 그것이 니제르가 러시아의 (반)식민지가 되는 것을 뜻하지는 않는다. 물론, 해방투쟁이 부르주아 정권을 지도부로 하여 일어나고 대중이 그러한 퇴보에 맞서 개입하지 않는다면, 그와 같이 다른 제국주의의 (반)식민지가 되어버리는 결과를 가져올 수도 있다. 그러나 있을 수 있는 결과를 오늘의 현실로 ㅡ 현재 전개되고 있는 과정으로 ㅡ 혼동해서는 안 된다. 사회주의자들의 임무는 그러한 과정에 개입하고, 그 과정이 반제국주의 방향으로 ㅡ 단지 반프랑스 또는 반서방 방향으로만이 아니라 ㅡ 진화하도록 노력하는 것이다.
더욱이, 니제르의 상황을 평가하기 위해서는 새 군사정권의 최고위 인사들은 물론, 대중 속에서의 사태발전을 파악하는 것으로도 충분치 않다. 여기에 더해 프랑스 및 ECOWAS와의 긴장 고조를 포함한 최근의 사건들이 대대적인 반프랑스 감정을 불러일으켰다는 것은 분명하며, 사회주의자들은 이를 진보적, 반제국주의적 사태발전으로 인식하지 않을 수 없다.
장기 식민 지배자에 대한 저항의 그러한 진보적 동역학이 러시아라는, 대중이 경험하지 않은 또 다른 제국주의 상전에 대한 빗나간 환상과 함께 가고 있다는 것은 사실이다. 이는 안타까운 사태전개지만, 사회주의자들은 러시아 제국주의가 서방 열강 못지않게 제국주의적 도살자임을 설명해야 한다. 체첸과 우크라이나에 대한 잔학한 점령, 시리아 아사드 독재를 민중봉기로부터 구해준 군사 개입, 수단 쿠데타 군부에 대한 지지, 리비아 군벌 하프타르와의 긴밀한 관계, 미얀마 쿠데타 군부에 대한 군사 지원 등, 이 모든 것은 진정한 사회주의자들이 러시아 제국주의에 반대하는 이유들 중의 일부다. 따라서 RCIT는 아프리카로부터 서방 군대의 축출뿐만 아니라 모든 바그너 용병들의 축출 또한 요구한다![9]
그럼에도, 대중 ㅡ 지금 환상과 혼동을 가지고서 투쟁에 돌입하는 대중 ㅡ 은 자신들이 잘 알고 있는 억압자를 (단지 지금 TV 화면으로부터만 알고 있는 억압자보다) 훨씬 더 증오한다는 것을, 유물론자로서 우리는 인식하고 있다. 우리는 1992-95년 보스니아에서, 1997-99년 코소보에서, 그리고 현재 우크라이나에서 비슷한 사태발전을 보아 왔다. 이 사례들 모두 인민들이 서방 열강에 대한 큰 환상을 품은 사례들이다. 여기서도 사회주의자들의 임무는 동일하다. 왜 노동자와 빈농은 모든 제국주의 열강에 반대해야 하는지 참을성 있게 설명해야 할 임무 말이다. 그러나 정당한 민족방위 전쟁에서 한쪽으로 비켜서 있다면, 이는 반동적이고 종파주의적인 것이 될 것이다. 대중이 후진적인 환상을 가지고 있는 상황에서, 또는 어느 한 제국주의 열강이 그러한 충돌을 자신에게 이익이 되게 이용하려고 하는 상황에서 사회주의자가 그와 같이 방관 입장 또는 기권주의 입장을 취하는 것은 용납될 수 없다.
이중적 성격을 가진 전쟁?
서아프리카의 갈등이 고조되어 전쟁이 시작된다면, 이 전쟁은 유럽·미 제국주의를 직간접적으로 연루시킬 뿐만 아니라, 조만간 그들의 라이벌 러시아 (및 중국)도 연루시킬 가능성이 높다. 현재 우크라이나에 대한 전쟁 및 나토와의 글로벌 충돌 한 가운데에 있는 러시아가 라이벌들의 약점을 이용하려 할 것이라는 것은 의심의 여지가 없다. 크렘린은 이미 말리와 부르키나파소에서 (그리고 중앙아프리카공화국과 수단에서, 또 리비아 내 하프타르 장군 장악 영토에서도) 발판을 구축했다. 이미 이 두 이웃 국가들과 긴밀히 협력하고 있는 니제르의 새 군사정권도 조만간 모스크바로 눈을 돌릴 가능성이 높다.[10]
따라서 니제르의 전쟁은, 나아가 서아프리카의 전쟁은 서방과 러·중이 각각 대립하는 양측을 지지하는 전쟁으로 될 것이고, 그에 따라 자동으로 글로벌 충돌의 성격이 부여될 것이다. 있을 수 있는 중요한 차이들을 무시하지 않는다면, 이 충돌은 우크라이나 전쟁과 유사한 이중적 성격을 띨 수 있다. 즉, 니제르의 민족방위 정의전이 제국주의 열강들 간의 글로벌 충돌과 결합되는 그러한 전쟁이 될 수 있다는 것이다.[11]
이러한 상황에서, 사회주의자들은 RCIT가 이중 전술이라고 부르는 것을 적용할 의무를 가지게 된다. 이것은 ECOWAS/프랑스의 침공에 대항하는 니제르의 투쟁을 방어하고 친서방 세력의 패배를 제창하는 것을 의미한다. 당연히, 그러한 방어는 실제적 저항투쟁에 대한 방어로 국한되며, 새 군사정권에 대한 어떠한 정치적 지지도 수반하지 않는다. 동시에, 사회주의자들은 어느 강대국에도 ㅡ 프랑스·EU와 미국에도, 러시아 (또는 중국)에도 ㅡ 지지를 주어서는 안 되며, 러시아의 개입에 반대하는 경고를 발해야 한다.
앞으로 며칠, 몇 주에 서아프리카의 분쟁이 본격 전쟁으로 전화할지 보게 될 것이다. 재차 강조하건대, 이 충돌은 아프리카에서, 그리고 전 세계적으로 혁명적 사회주의자들과 반제국주의 활동가들의 최대 주목을 받아 마땅하다!
---------------------------------
[1] RCIT 성명, <ECOWAS, 프랑스·미국: 니제르에서 손떼라! - 제재와 군사개입에 맞서 니제르를 방어하자! 치아니 군부정권에게 어떠한 정치적 지지도 주어선 안 된다! 니제르에서 모든 미국·유럽 군대를 축출하자!>, 2023년 8월 1일, https://blog.wrpkorea.org/2023/08/ecowas.html; 혁명사회주의전위 (RCIT 나이지리아) 성명, <니제르 쿠데타: 똑같이 반동적인 니제르 지배계급 양 날개 간의 싸움이다 - 사회주의자는 서아프리카 사회주의 공화국 연방의 일부로서 해방 사회주의 니제르를 요구한다!>, 2023년 7월 28일, https://blog.wrpkorea.org/2023/08/blog-post.html.
[2] 이에 대해서는 다음을 보라. Sam Mednick: French embassy in Niger is attacked as protesters waving Russian flags march through capital, Associated Press, 30 July 2023, https://apnews.com/article/niger-coup-mohamed-bazoum-military-junta-sahel-88ccaa2f004db44601e59475199c5fbe; Nimo Omer: The global fallout from Niger’s coup, 1 Aug 2023 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/01/first-edition-niger-coup-explainer
[3] France supports ECOWAS intervention in Niger, foreign minister says, France 24, 05/08/2023, https://www.france24.com/en/france/20230805-france-supports-ecowas-intervention-in-niger-foreign-minister-says
[4] Vijay Prashad and Kambale Musavuli: Niger Is the Fourth Country in the Sahel to Experience an Anti-Western Coup, 02.08.2023, https://countercurrents.org/2023/08/niger-is-the-fourth-country-in-the-sahel-to-experience-an-anti-western-coup/
[5] 같은 글
[6] RKOB (RCIT 오스트리아): EU-Tunisia: Down with the Anti-Migration Deal! No to the imperialist Fortress Europe – open the borders! Down with Tunisia’s dictator Kais Saied! 18 July 2023, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/europe/eu-tunisia-down-with-the-anti-migration-deal/
[7] Niger Mutiny: Another U.S.-Trained Military Officer Led Coup. U.S.-trained military officers have taken part in 11 coups in West Africa since 2008, Interview with Nick Turse, The Intercept, 2 August 2023, https://theintercept.com/2023/08/02/intercepted-podcast-niger-coup-us-military-officer/
[8] V.I. Lenin: On the Question of Dialectics (1915); in: CW 38, p.359
[9] 우리는 러시아 자본주의와 러시아의 제국주의 강대국 부상에 대한 많은 문서를 발표했다. 다음을 보라. Michael Pröbsting: The Peculiar Features of Russian Imperialism. A Study of Russia’s Monopolies, Capital Export and Super-Exploitation in the Light of Marxist Theory, 10 August 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/the-peculiar-features-of-russian-imperialism/; 노동자혁명당(준), <레닌 제국주의론 관점에서 본 러시아 제국주의의 특색>, 2021년 10월, https://blog.wrpkorea.org/2022/05/blog-post_61.html; Michael Pröbsting: Lenin’s Theory of Imperialism and the Rise of Russia as a Great Power. On the Understanding and Misunderstanding of Today’s Inter-Imperialist Rivalry in the Light of Lenin’s Theory of Imperialism. Another Reply to Our Critics Who Deny Russia’s Imperialist Character, August 2014, http://www.thecommunists.net/theory/imperialism-theory-and-russia/; Russia as a Great Imperialist Power. The formation of Russian Monopoly Capital and its Empire – A Reply to our Critics, 18 March 2014 (이 팜플렛에는 우리의 러시아 제국주의 성격규정을 처음으로 정립한 2001년 문서가 포함되어 있다), http://www.thecommunists.net/theory/imperialist-russia/; 같은 저자의 다음 논문들도 보라. 'Empire-ism' vs a Marxist analysis of imperialism: Continuing the debate with Argentinian economist Claudio Katz on Great Power rivalry, Russian imperialism and the Ukraine War, 3 March 2023, https://links.org.au/empire-ism-vs-marxist-analysis-imperialism-continuing-debate-argentinian-economist-claudio-katz; <러시아: 제국주의 열강인가, 반주변부 국가인가?
- 아르헨티나 경제학자 카츠 클라우디오 논문에 대한 답변>, 2022년 8월 11일, https://blog.wrpkorea.org/2022/12/blog-post_11.html; Russian Imperialism and Its Monopolies, in: New Politics Vol. XVIII No. 4, Whole Number 72, Winter 2022, https://newpol.org/issue_post/russian-imperialism-and-its-monopolies/; Once Again on Russian Imperialism (Reply to Critics). A rebuttal of a theory which claims that Russia is not an imperialist state but would be rather “comparable to Brazil and Iran”, 30 March 2022, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/once-again-on-russian-imperialism-reply-to-critics/. 이 문제에 관한 여러 다른 RCIT 문서들이 다음의 RCIT 웹사이트 상의 별도 하위 페이지에 있다. https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/china-russia-as-imperialist-powers/.
[10] RCIT는 강대국들의 제국주의 상호 패권경쟁을 여러 차례 다루었다. 예를 들어 다음을 보라. <세계 정세전망 2021-22년: 준 혁명적 세계정세 진입> https://blog.wrpkorea.org/2022/05/2021-22.html; 다음 책도 보라. 미하엘 프뢰브스팅, <<강대국 패권쟁투 시대에 반제국주의>> https://blog.wrpkorea.org/2022/06/blog-post_9.html; 다음 두 팜플렛도 보라. 미하엘 프뢰브스팅, <제국주의 간 냉전은 어떻게 바이든 하에서도 계속되고 있나> https://blog.wrpkorea.org/2022/05/blog-post_10.html; <두 주인을 섬기는 시종 - 스탈린주의와 제국주의 신냉전>, https://blog.wrpkorea.org/2022/05/blog-post_24.html; 이 문제에 관한 더 많은 문서들을 다음 링크로 들어가서 볼 수 있다.
https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/china-russia-as-imperialist-powers/ 및 https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/collection-of-articles-on-the-global-trade-war/.
[11] 우크라이나 전쟁과 현 나토-러시아 분쟁에 관한 모든 RCIT 문서가 다음의 우리 웹사이트 특별 페이지에 수록되어 있다. https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/compilation-of-documents-on-nato-russia-conflict/. 특히 다음 문서를 보라. < [RCIT 선언] 우크라이나 전쟁: 세계사적 의의를 갖는 전환점에서 사회주의자들의 임무>, 2022년 3월 1일, https://blog.wrpkorea.org/2022/05/rcit.html; 다음도 보라. 우크라이나 전쟁 1주년에 즈음한 RCIT 격문 - 영웅적인 우크라이나 인민에게 승리를! 러시아 제국주의에게 패배를! 나토 제국주의를 지지해선 안 된다!>, 2023년 2월 10일, https://blog.wrpkorea.org/2023/02/1-rcit.html; RCIT: Towards a Turning Point in the Ukraine War? The tasks of socialists in the light of possible lines of development of the war of national defence in combination with the inter-imperialist Great Power rivalry, 11 March 2023, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/towards-a-turning-point-in-the-ukraine-war/
Über die möglichen Konsequenzen einer ECOWAS-Invasion für West Afrika, Europa und für die globale Rivalität zwischen den Großmächten.
Von Michael Pröbsting, Revolutionär-Kommunistische Internationale Tendenz (RCIT), 5. August 2023, www.thecommunists.net
Die Aggression gegen Niger durch westliche Mächte und ihre lokalen Verbündeten könnte in den nächsten Tagen einen großen Krieg provozieren. Ein solcher Konflikt hätte massive Konsequenzen nicht nur für Westafrika, sondern auch für den gesamten nördlichen Teil des Kontinents. Darüber hinaus hätte er wichtige Auswirkungen auf den europäischen Imperialismus. Und schließlich würde sich ein solcher Krieg zwangsläufig mit der globalen Rivalität zwischen den imperialistischen Großmächten des Ostens und des Westens überschneiden.
Dies ist umso brisanter, da bereits ein weiterer laufender großer Konflikt von globaler Bedeutung existiert, der einen Befreiungskrieg mit inner-imperialistischer Rivalität verbindet – der Krieg in der Ukraine. Aus all diesen Gründen verdient der drohende Krieg gegen Niger höchste Aufmerksamkeit von revolutionären Sozialisten und anti-imperialistischen Aktivisten in Afrika, sowie weltweit.
Bevor wir darauf eingehen, warum wir diesen Konflikt als regional und global wichtig erachten, wollen wir zunächst die neuesten Entwicklungen zusammenfassen. In diesem Zusammenhang werden wir auch kurz die Position der RCIT zum Putsch in Niger und zu einem möglichen Krieg gegen die neue Regierung erläutern, die wir in zwei Publikationen dargelegt haben. [1]
Ein eskalierender Konflikt
Unserer Ansicht nach können Sozialistinnen und Sozialisten den Militärputsch in keinster Weise unterstützen, den die Präsidentengarde am 26. Juli durchführte, welcher zur Inhaftierung von bis dato Präsidenten Bazoum führte, sowie zur Ernennung von General Tchiani zum neuen Staatsoberhaupt. Der Putsch wurde durch einen Machtkampf zwischen Bazoum und dem Leiter der Präsidentengarde, General Tchiani, ausgelöst. Tchiani stand dem ehemaligen nigrischen Präsidenten Issoufou nahe, der nach einem Jahrzehnt im Amt im Jahr 2021 zurücktrat. Als Bazoum versuchte, Tchiani zu ersetzen, reagierte die Präsidentengarde mit einem Putsch.[2]
Ein Militärputsch, der die Armee an die Macht bringt, stärkt an sich die bonapartistische Macht des kapitalistischen Staatsapparats. Und während Putschisten-Offiziere möglicherweise zu bestimmten Anlässen nach populärer Unterstützung suchen könnten, haben sie kein Interesse daran, die Macht an die Massen zu übergeben. Natürlich könnten sich Sozialisten auch nicht auf die Seite von Bazoum stellen, einem völlig korrupten Lakaien des westlichen Imperialismus.
Nichtsdestotrotz darf man nicht übersehen, dass dieser Putsch – ähnlich wie andere Putsche in Mali und Burkina Faso in den letzten drei Jahren – Unterstützung von Teilen der Massen erhalten haben, da diese Putsche mit weit verbreiteter Wut in der Bevölkerung über den westlichen Imperialismus einhergingen, insbesondere gegen den ehemaligen Kolonialherren Frankreich. Dies wurde in den letzten Tagen offensichtlich, als es am 30. Juli und am 3. August Massendemonstrationen in Niamey und anderen nigrischen Städten gab. Tausende Menschen riefen Parolen gegen Frankreich und griffen die französische Botschaft an. Die soziale Bewegung M62 – die von der Bazoum Regierung unterdrückt wurde – rief sogar dazu auf, europäische Zivilisten festzunehmen, bis alle ausländischen Truppen Niger verlassen hätten.
Es war daher nicht überraschend, dass Frankreich, die EU und die USA sowie ihre lokalen Verbündeten – wie die von Nigeria dominierte ECOWAS-Allianz – den Putsch sofort verurteilten und die Wiedereinsetzung ihrer Marionette Bazoum forderten. Sie verhängten Sanktionen gegen Niger und setzten ein Ultimatum bis zum 6. August, nach dem ECOWAS drohte, in Niger einzufallen. Die westlichen Mächte würden die ECOWAS-Invasion gegen Niger sicherlich unterstützen, wie die französische Außenministerin Catherine Colonna bereits angedeutet hat.[3]
Vor diesem Hintergrund erklärte die Regierung unter General Tchiani, dass sie die mit Frankreich unterzeichneten militärischen Abkommen und Protokolle beende und das Ende der Funktionen für Nigers Botschafter in Frankreich, den Vereinigten Staaten, Togo und Nigeria ankündigte.
Ein militärischer Angriff der ECOWAS auf Niger hat das Potenzial, einen regionalen Konflikt auszulösen, da Bamako und Ouagadougou erklärten: "Jede militärische Intervention gegen Niger würde einer Kriegserklärung gegen Burkina Faso und Mali gleichkommen." Somit könnten wir in den nächsten Wochen einen Krieg zwischen mehreren westafrikanischen Staaten erleben.
Mit anderen Worten hat ein Putsch – ausgelöst durch einen ordinären Machtkampf zwischen zwei Sektoren des kapitalistischen Staatsapparats – eine große Konfrontation zwischen den westlichen imperialistischen Mächten und ihren lokalen Verbündeten mit einem armen halbkolonialen Land hervorgerufen. Daher hat die westliche Aggression, sowie das anti-französische Eingreifen der Massen in Niger, die neue Regierung dazu gebracht, einen konfrontativen Galtung gegenüber den westlichen Mächten einzunehmen und einen politischen Prozess mit einer anti-imperialistischen Charakteristik ausgelöst.
In einer solchen Situation wäre es für Sozialistinnen und Sozialisten kriminell, sich abseits zu halten. Es ist die vordringliche Aufgabe von Revolutionären und Anti-Imperialisten, Niger gegen die Aggression der imperialistischen Mächte und ihrer lokalen Stellvertreter zu verteidigen. Daher erklärten wir in der RCIT-Stellungnahme: "Wir fordern ein sofortiges Ende der Sanktionen. Im Falle einer militärischen Intervention durch ECOWAS Truppen (die direkt oder indirekt von den westlichen Mächten unterstützt werden), fordern wir die militärische Verteidigung von Niger und die Niederlage der pro-imperialistischen Eindringlinge. Ebenso fordern Sozialisten die Vertreibung der und europäischen- und US-Truppen aus Niger.“
Regionale und globale Auswirkungen
Ohne das anti-imperialistische Wesen dieses Prozesses zu verstehen, ist es unmöglich, die regionale und globale Bedeutung der aktuellen Ereignisse in Niger zu begreifen.
Dies gilt umso mehr, da Afrika ein rapide wachsender Kontinent mit aktuell 1,4 Milliarden Menschen ist. Während er eine breite Palette von natürlichen Ressourcen besitzt, ist er gleichzeitig auch der ärmste und am wenigsten entwickelte Kontinent der Welt – das Ergebnis von Jahrhunderten imperialistischer Unterdrückung und Überausbeutung. Soziales Elend und politische Instabilität haben sich massiv verschärft, seit ein neuer historischer Zeitraum mit der Großen Rezession und der Beschleunigung der inner-imperialistischen Rivalität (mit dem Aufstieg Chinas und Russlands als neue Großmächte) im Jahr 2008 begann. Dieser Prozess vertiefte sich noch mehr mit der Großen Depression und der COVID Gegenrevolution 2019/20. Daher ist es kein Zufall, dass Afrika seit 2020 ganze 13 Putschversuche, davon 10 erfolgreich, erlebt hat.
Der Putsch in Niger hat eine besondere Bedeutung für den westlichen Imperialismus, da das Land einige der weltweit größten Uranvorkommen besitzt, welche von großer Bedeutung für die europäische Atomenergieindustrie sind. Ein Drittel der Glühbirnen in Frankreich wird mit Uran aus Niger betrieben. Typisch für die Position Nigers als kapitalistische Halbkolonie gehört seine Uranindustrie zu einem sogenannten "Joint Venture" zwischen Niger und Frankreich, genannt Société des mines de l’Aïr („Somaïr“). 85% von Somaïr gehören der französischen Atomenergiekommission und zwei französischen Unternehmen, während nur 15% der Regierung Nigers gehören.[4]
Darüber hinaus ist Niger nach der Vertreibung Frankreichs aus Mali und Burkina Faso das letzte Land, in dem Frankreich und die USA wichtige Militärbasen haben – einschließlich einer riesigen Drohnenbasis in der nördlichen Region Agadez, sowie einer kombinierten Militärstreitmacht von 2600 Soldaten. Der Verlust Nigers würde für den europäischen und US-amerikanischen Imperialismus bedeuten, einen entscheidenden Stützpunkt zur Kontrolle Westafrikas zu verlieren.
Die westlichen Mächte und ihre lokalen Verbündeten – allen voran die nigerianische Regierung unter Bola Tinubu, die kürzlich durch Wahlfälschung an die Macht kam – befürchten, dass, wenn sie die neue Regierung in Niger nicht zerschlagen, andere Länder ihrem Beispiel folgen könnten. Im Februar hatte die Regierung von Burkina Faso ein Treffen mit Vertretern von Mali und Guinea veranstaltet, bei dem sie die Schaffung einer neuen Föderation dieser Staaten diskutierten. Nach den jüngsten Ereignissen ist es wahrscheinlich, dass Niger zur Teilnahme an einem solchen Projekt eingeladen wird.[5]
Eine solche Entwicklung bereitet europäischen Regierungen Sorgen, nicht nur wegen der Gefahr, politischen Einfluss und wirtschaftliche Gewinne zu verlieren, sondern auch, weil sie eine weitere Welle von Migration befürchten. Wie wir bereits in der Vergangenheit betont haben, investiert Brüssel hohe Summen und pflegt enge Beziehungen zu Diktaturen in Tunesien und Ägypten, um die imperialistische Festung Europa zu schützen.[6]
Die Militärregierungen sind keine progressiven Regime!
Sozialistinnen und Sozialisten haben keinen Grund, die neuen Militärregierungen in Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea und Niger zu verherrlichen. Dies sind keine progressiven oder sozialistischen Regime. In der Regel handelt es sich um Militärangehörige, die in den vergangenen Jahren an den "Anti-Terrormaßnahmen" teilgenommen haben, die von Frankreich und den USA geleitet wurden. Im Fall von Niger haben wir bereits erwähnt, dass General Tchiani ein enger Vertrauter des ehemaligen Präsidenten Issoufou war, der Niger zu einem wichtigen militärischen Stützpunkt des französischen und US-amerikanischen Imperialismus gemacht hat. Eine weitere Schlüsselfigur der Putschisten ist Brigadegeneral Moussa Salaou Barmou, der Chef der Spezialeinheiten in Niger ist. Er wurde in den Vereinigten Staaten in Fort Benning ausgebildet und ist seit vielen Jahren ein Liebling der US-Regierung.[7]
Darüber hinaus haben die Regierungsmitglieder kein (und können auch kein) sozialistisches Programm zur Schaffung eines von Arbeitern und armen Bauern regierten Landes, zur Enteignung ausländischer Unternehmen und zum Bruch mit dem Imperialismus. Sie errichten vielmehr ein kapitalistisch-bonapartistisches-Regime, das dazu neigt, nach Zusammenarbeit mit anderen imperialistischen Mächten wie Russland und China zu suchen.
Wir haben dies bereits in Mali gesehen, wo die Regierung im Wesentlichen die französische Truppen durch Wagner-Söldner ersetzt hat. Und Hauptmann Ibrahim Traoré hat Burkina Fasos Unterstützung für Putin und den russischen Imperialismus auf dem kürzlich abgehaltenen Russland-Afrika Gipfel deutlich zum Ausdruck gebracht.
Verständnis für das verwirrte Bewusstsein der Massen im historischen Kontext
Dennoch muss man jede Entwicklung im Kontext verstehen, denn wie Lenin einmal bemerkte: "Das Einzelne existiert nicht anders als in dem Zusammenhang, der zum Allgemeinen führt."[8] Um Entwicklungen wie die aktuellen Ereignisse in Niger zu beurteilen, muss man von der Geschichte des Landes als halbkoloniales Gebiet des französischen Imperialismus ausgehen. Wenn Teile der Massen sich für Putin aussprechen oder Illusionen bezüglich Russland haben, dann spiegelt dies in erster Linie ihren Hass gegen ihren alten Kolonialherren wider. Sie hassen das, was sie kennen, und hoffen auf etwas, das sie nicht kennen.
Ebenso muss man die Entwicklungen sorgfältig analysieren. Länder wie Niger standen seit mehr als einem Jahrhundert unter der Kontrolle des französischen Imperialismus. Wenn ein Prozess des Massenkampfes für anti-koloniale Emanzipation beginnt – selbst wenn er mit pro-russischen Sympathien verbunden ist – bedeutet dies nicht, dass das Land zu einer halbkolonialen Herrschaft Russlands geworden ist. Es stimmt zwar, dass dies das Ergebnis eines solchen Prozesses sein könnte, wenn er unter der Führung eines bürgerlichen Regimes stattfindet und die Massen nicht gegen eine solche Degeneration eingreifen. Aber das mögliche Ergebnis darf nicht mit der heutigen Realität verwechselt werden, mit dem Prozess, wie er sich derzeit entwickelt. Die Aufgabe von Sozialisten besteht darin, in einen solchen Prozess einzugreifen und auf seine Entwicklung in eine anti-imperialistische – und nicht nur anti-französische oder anti-westliche – Richtung hinzuwirken.
Um die Lage in Niger zu beurteilen, genügt es nicht, nur auf die führenden Persönlichkeiten der neuen Regierung zu schauen, sondern auch auf die Entwicklungen unter den Massen. Und hier wird deutlich, dass die jüngsten Ereignisse, einschließlich der Eskalation der Spannungen mit Frankreich und Nigeria, eine massiv anti-französische Stimmung ausgelöst haben – etwas, das Sozialisten nicht anders als eine progressive, anti-imperialistische Entwicklung anerkennen können.
Es stimmt, dass diese progressive Dynamik des Widerstands gegen den langjährigen Kolonialherren einhergeht mit einigen fehlgeleiteten Illusionen in einen anderen imperialistischen Herrscher – Russland – mit dem die Massen keine Erfahrung haben. Dies ist eine bedauerliche Entwicklung und Sozialisten müssen erklären, dass der russische Imperialismus nicht weniger ein imperialistischer Schlächter ist, als die westlichen Mächte. Russlands Rolle bei der brutalen Besetzung Tschetscheniens und der Ukraine, seine entscheidende Unterstützung für die Tyrannei von Assad in Syrien, seine engen Beziehungen zu den erzreaktionären Putschisten im Sudan oder zu General Haftar in Libyen – all das zeigt, dass authentische Sozialisten den russischen Imperialismus genauso ablehnen müssen, wie den dessen westlicher Rivalen. Daher fordert die RCIT nicht nur die Vertreibung der westlichen Truppen, sondern auch aller Wagner-Söldner aus Afrika!"[9]
Dennoch verstehen wir als Materialisten, dass die Massen – mit Illusionen und Verwirrung in den Kampf eintretend – den Unterdrücker, den sie gut kennen, viel mehr hassen als den Unterdrücker, den sie nur aus dem Fernsehen kennen. Wir haben ähnliche Entwicklungen in Bosnien 1992-95, im Kosovo 1997-99 oder derzeit in der Ukraine gesehen. In diesen Fällen hegen die Menschen massive Illusionen in die westlichen Mächte. Die Aufgabe der Sozialisten ist dieselbe wie in Bosnien, im Kosovo und in der Ukraine: geduldig zu erklären, warum die Arbeiter und armen Bauern sich gegen alle imperialistischen Mächte stellen müssen. Aber es wäre reaktionär und sektiererisch, sich von einem gerechten Krieg der nationalen Verteidigung abseits zu halten, nur weil die Massen rückständige Illusionen haben oder weil eine imperialistische Macht versucht, einen solchen Konflikt zu ihrem eigenen Vorteil zu nutzen.
Ein Krieg mit Doppel-Charakter?
Wenn der Konflikt in Westafrika eskaliert und ein Krieg ausbricht, ist es wahrscheinlich, dass nicht nur europäischer und amerikanischer Imperialismus direkt oder indirekt beteiligt sein werden, sondern auch – früher oder später – ihre östlichen Rivalen. Es ist klar, dass Russland – derzeit mitten in einem großen Krieg gegen die Ukraine, sowie in einem globalen Konflikt mit der NATO – versuchen würde, die Schwächen seiner Rivalen auszunutzen. Der Kreml hat bereits Stützpunkte in Mali und Burkina Faso (sowie in der Zentralafrikanischen Republik, im Sudan und in den libyschen Gebieten unter der Kontrolle von General Haftar). Es ist wahrscheinlich, dass die neue Regierung in Niger, die bereits eng mit diesen beiden Nachbarstaaten zusammenarbeitet, sich früher oder später auch an Moskau um Unterstützung wenden würde.[10]
Daher würde ein Krieg in Niger – beziehungsweise Westafrika, in dem westliche und östliche Großmächte unterschiedliche Seiten unterstützen – automatisch dem Konflikt eine globale Dimension verleihen. Ohne wichtige mögliche Unterschiede zu ignorieren, könnte er einen Doppel-Charakter annehmen, ähnlich dem Ukraine-Krieg, das heißt, er könnte ein gerechter Krieg der nationalen Verteidigung durch Niger sein, kombiniert mit einem globalen Konflikt zwischen imperialistischen Mächten.[11]
In einer solchen Situation hätten Sozialistinnen und Sozialisten die Pflicht, das anzuwenden, was die RCIT als duale Taktik bezeichnet. Dies bedeutet, Nigers Kampf gegen die Invasion von ECOWAS / Frankreich zu unterstützen und für die Niederlage der pro-westlichen Kräfte einzutreten. Natürlich würde eine solche Verteidigung auf den praktischen Widerstand beschränkt bleiben und beinhaltet keine politische Unterstützung für die neue Regierung in Niamey. Gleichzeitig dürfen Sozialistinnen und Sozialisten keine Großmacht – weder Frankreich, der EU, den USA noch Russland oder China – unterstützen und müssen vor jeder Einmischung Russlands in Niger warnen.
Die nächsten Tage und Wochen werden zeigen, ob der Konflikt in Westafrika sich zu einem großen Krieg entwickelt. Dies verdient höchste Aufmerksamkeit von revolutionären Sozialisten und anti-imperialistischen Aktivisten in Afrika sowie weltweit!"
[1] ECOWAS, Frankreich und die USA: Hände weg von Niger! Verteidigt Niger gegen Sanktionen und militärischen Intervention! Keine politische Unterstützung für die Junta von General Tchiani! Vertreibt alle europäischen und amerikanischen Truppen aus dem Niger! 1. August 2023, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/ecowas-france-and-u-s-hand-off-niger/#anker_4; RSV: Niger: President Bazoum is Ousted in a Coup, 28th July, 2023, https://communism4africa.wordpress.com/2023/07/29/niger-president-bazoum-is-ousted-in-a-coup/
[2] Siehe dazu auch: Sam Mednick: French embassy in Niger is attacked as protesters waving Russian flags march through capital, Associated Press, 30. Juli 2023, https://apnews.com/article/niger-coup-mohamed-bazoum-military-junta-sahel-88ccaa2f004db44601e59475199c5fbe; Nimo Omer: The global fallout from Niger’s coup, 1. August 2023 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/01/first-edition-niger-coup-explainer
[3] France supports ECOWAS intervention in Niger, foreign minister says, France24, 5. August 2023, https://www.france24.com/en/france/20230805-france-supports-ecowas-intervention-in-niger-foreign-minister-says
[4] Vijay Prashad and Kambale Musavuli: Niger Is the Fourth Country in the Sahel to Experience an Anti-Western Coup, 2. August 2023, https://countercurrents.org/2023/08/niger-is-the-fourth-country-in-the-sahel-to-experience-an-anti-western-coup/
[5] Ibid
[6] RKOB (Austrian Section of the RCIT): EU-Tunesien: Nieder mit dem Anti-Migrations-Abkommen! Nein zur imperialistischen Festung Europa – öffnetet die Grenzen! Nieder mit Tunesiens Diktator Kais Saied!, 18. Juli 2023, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/europe/eu-tunisia-down-with-the-anti-migration-deal/#anker_1
[7] Niger Mutiny: Another U.S.-Trained Military Officer Led Coup. U.S.-trained military officers have taken part in 11 coups in West Africa since 2008, Interview with Nick Turse, The Intercept, 2 August 2023, https://theintercept.com/2023/08/02/intercepted-podcast-niger-coup-us-military-officer/
[8] W.I. Lenin, Zur Frage der Dialektik; in: LW 38, S. 340
[9] Die RCIT veröffentlichte einige Dokumente über den Kapitalismus in Russland und sein Aufstieg zu einer imperialistischen Macht. Die wichtigesten davon sind einige Veröffentlichung von Michael Pröbsting: The Peculiar Features of Russian Imperialism. A Study of Russia’s Monopolies, Capital Export and Super-Exploitation in the Light of Marxist Theory, 10. August 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/the-peculiar-features-of-russian-imperialism/; vom selben Autoren: Lenin’s Theory of Imperialism and the Rise of Russia as a Great Power. On the Understanding and Misunderstanding of Today’s Inter-Imperialist Rivalry in the Light of Lenin’s Theory of Imperialism. Another Reply to Our Critics Who Deny Russia’s Imperialist Character, August 2014, http://www.thecommunists.net/theory/imperialism-theory-and-russia/; Russia as a Great Imperialist Power. The formation of Russian Monopoly Capital and its Empire – A Reply to our Critics, 18. März 2014 (Dieses Flugblatt beinhaltet ein Dokument von 2001, in dem wir zum ersten mal unsere Charakterisierung Russlands als Imperialisten formulierten), http://www.thecommunists.net/theory/imperialist-russia/; siehe auch folgende Dokumente vom selben Autoren: 'Empire-ism' vs a Marxist analysis of imperialism: Continuing the debate with Argentinian economist Claudio Katz on Great Power rivalry, Russian imperialism and the Ukraine War, 3. März 2023, https://links.org.au/empire-ism-vs-marxist-analysis-imperialism-continuing-debate-argentinian-economist-claudio-katz; Russia: An Imperialist Power or a “Non-Hegemonic Empire in Gestation”? A reply to the Argentinean economist Claudio Katz, in: New Politics, 11. August 2022, https://newpol.org/russia-an-imperialist-power-or-a-non-hegemonic-empire-in-gestation-a-reply-to-the-argentinean-economist-claudio-katz-an-essay-with-8-tables/; Russian Imperialism and Its Monopolies, in: New Politics Vol. XVIII No. 4, Whole Number 72, Winter 2022, https://newpol.org/issue_post/russian-imperialism-and-its-monopolies/; Once Again on Russian Imperialism (Antwort auf Kritik). A rebuttal of a theory which claims that Russia is not an imperialist state but would be rather “comparable to Brazil and Iran”, 30. März 2022, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/once-again-on-russian-imperialism-reply-to-critics/. Siehe verschiedene andere RCIT-Dokumente zu diesem Thema in einer speziellen Unterseite auf der RCIT Webseite: https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/china-russia-as-imperialist-powers/.
[10] Die RCIT hat sich bei vielen Gelegenheiten mit der inter-imperialistischen Rivalität der Großmächte auseinander gesetzt. Siehe auch: RCIT: Weltpolitische Perspektiven 2021-22: Eintritt in eine vor-revolutionäre globale Situation, 22. August 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/world-perspectives-2021-22/#anker_17; Siehe auch unser Buch von Michael Pröbsting: Anti-Imperialism in the Age of Great Power Rivalry. The Factors behind the Accelerating Rivalry between the U.S., China, Russia, EU and Japan. A Critique of the Left’s Analysis and an Outline of the Marxist Perspective, RCIT Books, Wien 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/anti-imperialism-in-the-age-of-great-power-rivalry/; Siehe auch die folgenden Arbeiten des selben Autoren: “A Really Good Quarrel” (habe ich bei diesem Link nicht gefunden). US-China Alaska Meeting: The Inter-Imperialist Cold War Continues, 23. März 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/us-china-alaska-meeting-shows-continuation-of-inter-imperialist-cold-war/; Servants of Two Masters. Stalinism and the New Cold War between Imperialist Great Powers in East and West, 10. Juli 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/servants-of-two-masters-stalinism-and-new-cold-war/; Für mehr Arbeiten zum selben Thema, siehe folgende Unterseiten: https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/china-russia-as-imperialist-powers/ und https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/collection-of-articles-on-the-global-trade-war/.
[11] Wir weisen unsere LeserInnen auf eine speziell eingerichtete Unterseite unserer Homepage hin, auf der zahlreiche Veröffentlichungen der RCIT zum Ukraine-Krieg und dem NATO-Russland-Konflikt zu finden sind: https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/compilation-of-documents-on-nato-russia-conflict/. Besonders möchten wir auf das RCIT-Manifest verweisen: Ukraine Krieg: Ein Wendepunkt mit historischer Bedeutung. Sozialistinnen und Sozialisten müssen die revolutionäre Verteidigung der Ukraine gegen Putins Invasion mit dem internationalistischen Kampf gegen den russischen sowie den NATO- und EU-Imperialismus verbinden, 1. März 2022, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/manifesto-ukraine-war-a-turning-point-of-world-historic-significance/#anker_4; Siehe auch: Manifest zum Ersten Jahrestag des Ukraine-Krieges. Sieg dem heldenhaften ukrainischen Volk! Nieder mit dem russischen Imperialismus! Keine Unterstützung für den NATO-Imperialismus! 10. Februar 2023, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/manifesto-on-first-anniversary-of-ukraine-war/#anker_8