Popular resistance is forcing French imperialism to reduce its troops in Africa’s Sahel

By Michael Pröbsting, International Secretary of the Revolutionary Communist International Tendency (RCIT), 13 June 2021,
www.thecommunists.net

 

In a news conference on 11 June, President Emmanuel Macron announced the future reduction of France’s military presence in Africa’s Sahel region. He spoke about the “profound transformation” of his country’s military operation in Mali and neighboring countries without going into details.

 

Macron stated that France’s Operation Barkhane will formally end and will be replaced by another mission focused on fighting “Islamic extremists” that relies more on its allies in the region. Currently, Paris has stationed about 5,100 troops in the Sahel. However, Macron said that “the final goal is to reduce our multiple military deployments” in the region. “We will make a drawdown in an organized way,” Macron told reporters, adding that details, including on the number of soldiers France is keeping in the region, will be finalized by the end of June. “We will have to hold a dialogue with our African and European partners. We will keep a counterterrorism pillar with special forces with several hundred forces … and there will be a second pillar that will be cooperation, and which we will reinforce.” [1]

 

While Paris has always claimed that the goal of its intervention is to combat “Islamic extremists”, the real purpose is rather its political and economic power interests. French resp. European imperialism wants to keep Northwest Africa under their control as this is a region of strategic relevance. It contains important raw materials which are exploited by multinational corporations with huge profits. With a rapidly growing population, Africa’s market is increasingly relevant for imperialist monopolies – even more so as we are living in a historic of decay of capitalism.

 

In addition, the region is the “gate” for migration to Europe which the imperialist states want to control as much as possible. For these reasons, the imperialists are determined to keep the local dictators in power as these allies are crucial for their control of the Sahel.

 

A series of setbacks

 

France’s partial withdrawal is no surprise. As the RCIT explained in several statements in the past, French imperialism suffered several setbacks in the recent pasts. Armed resistance groups have dealt severe blows to the occupation forces. The French military presence is highly unpopular among the African people who had to suffer already a lot from centuries of French colonialism. [2]

 

Furthermore, France lost two crucial allies in recent time. In August 2020, Mali’s President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta was overthrown by a military coup of young officers with strong popular support. [3] And in April this year, Chad's long-time dictator, Idriss Déby, was killed in battles with rebels (or killed by his own people – the concrete circumstances of his death remain mysterious). [4]

 

The RCIT and all anti-imperialists strongly welcome the setback for French imperialism. Paris has been the main imperialist occupation force in the region for a long time. Every step which weakens the foreign invaders, and which increases the room for maneuver for popular resistance forces, is a step forward!

 

France: a malicious imperialist power

 

France is not only one of the strongest European imperialist powers and one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council with veto power. Its aggressive advocacy of Islamophobic hate-mongering by promoting the racist Charlie Hebdo propaganda, its chauvinist domestic campaign based on the so-called “French values”, its new repressive laws against Muslim migrants, its massive expansion of the police and surveillance state, and its aggressive foreign policy in the Middle East and in the Eastern Mediterranean – all this has rightly made France deeply resented in the Muslim world.

 

Of course, socialists should have no illusions about the current situation. France is forced to withdraw some forces, but its troops still remain in the region. Furthermore, there are still thousands of other occupation forces – both from the European Union as well as from allied African regimes – which operate in Mali as part of the UN-Mission MINUSMA. In addition, it is said that Mali’s new strong man – coup leader Assimi Goita – plans to invite Russian troops to replace the French. (This is, we note in passing, another reflection of the decline of the Western imperialist powers and the rise of Russia and China as new imperialist powers. [5])

 

Nevertheless, French imperialism has suffered a defeat, and this is to be welcomed! The struggle of the workers and poor peasants in Mali, Chad, Niger, Burkina Faso and Mauritania needs to continue until all imperialist occupiers and all reactionary dictators have been driven out!

 

 

 

 

La résistance populaire force l’impérialisme Français à réduire ses troupes dans le Sahel africain

Par Michael Pröbsting, secrétaire international du Courant communiste révolutionnaire international (CCRI/RCIT), 13 juin 2021, www.thecommunists.net

 

Lors d’une conférence de presse le 11 juin, le président Emmanuel Macron a annoncé la réduction future de la présence militaire française dans la région africaine du Sahel. Il a parlé de la «transformation profonde» de l’opération militaire de son pays au Mali et dans les pays voisins sans entrer dans les détails.

 

Emmanuel Macron a déclaré que l’opération Barkhane en France prendrait officiellement fin et serait remplacée par une autre mission axée sur la lutte contre les « extrémistes islamiques » qui s’appuie davantage sur ses alliés dans la région. Actuellement, Paris a maintenu environ 5 100 soldats au Sahel. Cependant, Macron a déclaré que « l’objectif final est de réduire nos multiples déploiements militaires » dans la région. « Nous ferons un retrait de manière organisée »,a déclaré Emmanuel Macron aux journalistes, ajoutant que les détails, y compris sur le nombre de soldats que la France maintient dans la région, seront finalisés d’ici la fin du mois de juin. «Nous devrons dialoguer avec nos partenaires africains et européens. Nous garderons un pilier de lutte contre le terrorisme avec des forces spéciales avec plusieurs centaines de forces ... et il y aura un deuxième pilier qui sera la coopération, et que nous renforcerons. [1]

 

Si Paris a toujours affirmé que le but de son intervention était de lutter contre les «extrémistes islamistes », le véritable but est plutôt ses intérêts de pouvoir politique et économique Français et respectivement l’impérialisme européen veut garder l’Afrique du Nord-Ouest sous son contrôle car il s’agit d’une région d’importance stratégique. Il contient des matières premières importantes qui sont exploitées par des multinationales avec d’énormes profits. Avec une population en croissance rapide, le marché africain est de plus en plus pertinent pour les monopoles impérialistes – d’autant plus que nous vivons dans un historique de déclin du capitalisme.

 

En outre, la région est la « porte » de la migration vers l’Europe que les États impérialistes veulent contrôler autant que possible. Pour ces raisons, les impérialistes sont déterminés à maintenir les dictateurs locaux au pouvoir car ces alliés sont cruciaux pour le contrôle du Sahel.

 

Une série de revers

 

Le retrait partiel de la France n’est pas une surprise. Comme le CCRI l’a expliqué dans plusieurs déclarations dans le passé, l’impérialisme Français a subi plusieurs revers dans le passé récent. Les groupes de résistance armés ont porté de coups sévères aux forces d’occupation. La présence militaire Français est très impopulaire parmi les africains qui ont déjà dû souffrir beaucoup de siècles de colonialisme Français. [2]

 

En outre, la France a perdu deux alliés cruciaux ces derniers temps. En août 2020, le président malien Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta a été renversé par un coup d’État militaire de jeunes officiers avec un fort soutien populaire. [3] Et en avril de cette année, le dictateur de longue date du Tchad, Idriss Déby, a été tué dans des batailles avec des rebelles (ou tué par son propre peuple – les circonstances concrètes de sa mort restent mystérieuses). [4]

 

Le CCRI et tous les anti-impérialistes se félicitent vivement du revers subi par l’impérialisme français. Paris est depuis longtemps la principale force d’occupation impérialiste de la région. Chaque pas qui affaiblit les envahisseurs étrangers, et qui augmente la marge de manœuvre des forces de résistance populaires, est un pas en avant !

 

La France : Une puissance impérialiste maléfique

 

La France n’est pas seulement l’une des plus fortes puissances impérialistes européennes et l’un des cinq membres permanents du Conseil de sécurité de l’ONU disposant d’un droit de veto. Sa défense agressive de l'incitation à la haine islamophobe en faisant la promotion de la propagande raciste de Charlie Hebdo, sa campagne intérieure chauvine basée sur les soi-disant «valeurs Français», ses nouvelles lois répressives contre les migrants musulmans, son expansion massive de l’État policier et de surveillance, et sa politique étrangère agressive au Moyen-Orient et en Méditerranée orientale – tout cela a à juste titre rendu la France profondément ressentie dans le monde musulman.

 

Bien sûr, les socialistes ne doivent pas se faire d’illusions sur la situation actuelle. La France est contrainte de retirer certaines forces, mais ses troupes restent dans la région. En outre, il existe encore des milliers d’autres forces d’occupation - tant de l’Union européenne que de régimes africains alliés - qui opèrent au Mali dans le cadre de la Mission des Nations unies MINUSMA. En outre, il est dit que le nouvel homme fort du Mali – le chef du coup d’État Assimi Goita – prévoit d’inviter des troupes russes pour remplacer les Français. (C’est, notons au passage, un autre reflet du déclin des puissances impérialistes occidentales et de la montée de la Russie et de la Chine en tant que nouvelles puissances impérialistes. [5] )

 

Néanmoins, l’impérialisme français a subi une défaite, et c’est une bonne chose! La lutte des travailleurs et des paysans pauvres au Mali, au Tchad, au Niger, au Burkina Faso et en Mauritanie doit se poursuivre jusqu’à ce que tous les occupants impérialistes et tous les dictateurs réactionnaires aient été chassés!

 

 

 

[1] Voir à ce sujet par exemple Sylvie Corbet : Macron pour réduire Français troupes militaires au Sahel africain, 2021-06-11 https://apnews.com/article/europe-africa-government-and-politics-aafc8384982070d6c2bc713a008d9638 ; Macron : fin de la mission Barkhane, Français présence pour rester au Sahel, 10 juin 2021 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/10/sahel-macron-announces-end-operation-barkhane-it-exists ; Baba Ahmed et Krista Larson: L’armée Français suspend son opération conjointe avec l’armée malienne, 2021-06-03 https://apnews.com/article/europe-africa-mali-8a2bd531f3074b7f705fba64c70d5d3e

 

[2] Voir à ce sujet, par exemple RCIT: Expulser l’impérialisme Français d’Afrique de l’Ouest! Macron et ses laquais du G5 prévoient d’intensifier leur « opération Barkhane » colonialiste, 15 janvier 2020, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/expel-french-imperialism-from-west-africa/; A bas Français néocolonialisme en Afrique de l’Ouest ! Protestez contre l’impérialiste « Opération Barkhane » / « Coalition pour le Sahel » ! Déclaration conjointe des organisations anti-impérialistes et socialistes, 12 février 2020, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/joint-statement-down-with-french-neo-colonialism-in-west-africa/; RCIT: Français l’impérialisme lèche ses blessures. 13 soldats Français sont morts au Mali lors d’une mission de combat colonialiste, le 29 novembre 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/mali-french-imperialism-lick-its-wounds/

 

[3] Voir à ce sujet, par exemple RCIT: Mali: Le dirigeant fantoche impérialiste Keita est tombé! Les dirigeants impérialistes et africains protestent contre la fin du régime réactionnaire – mais les travailleurs et les opprimés doivent prendre le pouvoir en main ! 19 août 2020, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/mali-the-imperialist-puppet-ruler-keita-has-fallen/; Mali : Non aux sanctions impérialistes après la destitution du régime autoritaire de Keita ! Déclaration conjointe des organisations révolutionnaires et anti-impérialistes, 27 août 2020,https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/joint-statement-no-to-imperialist-sanctions-after-the-dismissal-of-the-authoritarian-keita-regime-in-mali/; Maliens, ne répétez pas l’erreur de l’histoire! Pour les organismes indépendants des masses populaires de mener la lutte! Pour une Assemblée constituante révolutionnaire maintenant! Déclaration de l’avant-garde socialiste révolutionnaire (section nigériane du RCIT) et de la Ligue socialiste révolutionnaire (section sympathisant du RCIT au Kenya), 21 août 2020, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/malians-don-t-repeat-the-mistake-of-history/

 

[4] Edouard Takadji et Carley Petesch : Le président tchadien Deby, allié dans la lutte contre l’extrémisme, meurt à 68 ans, 2021-04-21 https://apnews.com/article/business-government-and-politics-africa-chad-f21fc203a3596d45da7d651a3a0458b9 ; Le président tchadien Deby meurt après avoir combattu des rebelles sur le champ de bataille : armée, 20 avril 2021 https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2021/4/20/chads-president-deby-dies-after-fighting-rebels-on-battlefield ; Mucahid Durmaz : Tchad : Que signifie la mort d’Idriss Deby pour le Sahel ? 25 avril 2021 https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/chad-what-does-idriss-deby-death-mean; Edouard Takadji: Des milliers de personnes manifestent au Tchad contre la transition militaire, 2021-04-27 https://apnews.com/article/idriss-deby-ndjamena-africa-france-chad-8a08c0dbfb0107bd478546301adf9f41; Les manifestations au Tchad tournent à la mort alors que les manifestants réclament un régime civil, 27 avr 2021,https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/27/protests-erupt-in-chads-capital-protesters-demand-civilian-rule; Krista Larson : des personnes en deuil organisent des funérailles de manifestants dans la capitale tendue du Tchad, le 1er mai 2021, https://apnews.com/article/chad-europe-africa-government-and-politics-cd8d3f2ebc4890888aee118f026126d8 ; La police tchadienne tire des gaz lacrymogènes pour disperser des manifestants anti-junte, 8 may, 2021 https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2021/5/8/chadian-police-fire-tear-gas-to-scatter-anti-junta-protesters;

 

[5] Sur l’analyse du RCIT de la rivalité des grandes puissances et de l’ascension de la Chine et de la Russie en tant que puissances impérialistes émergentes, voir la littérature mentionnée dans la sous-section spéciale de notre site Web: https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/china-russia-as-imperialist-powers/. Nous nous référons en particulier au livre de Michael Pröbsting: Anti-Imperialism in the Age of Great Power Rivalry. Les facteurs à l’origine de l’accélération de la rivalité entre les États-Unis, la Chine, la Russie, l’UE et le Japon.A Critique of the Left’s Analysis and an Outline of the Marxist Perspective, RCIT Books, janvier 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/anti-imperialism-in-the-age-of-great-power-rivalry/. Voir aussi nos nombreux documents sur la guerre commerciale mondiale qui ont été rassemblés sur une sous-page spéciale sur notre site Web: https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/collection-of-articles-on-the-global-trade-war/. Voir aussi le dernier pamphlet de Michael Pröbsting: « A Really Good Quarrel ». Réunion INO-Sino-Alaska : la guerre froide inter-impérialiste se poursuit, 23 mars 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/us-china-alaska-meeting-shows-continuation-of-inter-imperialist-cold-war/

 

A resistência popular está forçando o imperialismo francês a reduzir suas tropas no Sahel da África

Por Michael Pröbsting, Secretário Internacional da Corrente Comunista Revolucionária Internacional (CCRI/RCIT), 13 de junho de 2021, www.thecommunists.net

 

Em uma coletiva de imprensa em 11 de junho, o presidente Emmanuel Macron anunciou a futura redução da presença militar da França na região do Sahel na África. Ele falou sobre a “ profunda transformação ” da operação militar de seu país no Mali e países vizinhos, sem entrar em detalhes.

 

Macron afirmou que a Operação Barkhane da França terminará formalmente e será substituída por outra missão focada no combate aos “extremistas islâmicos” que dependem mais de seus aliados na região. Atualmente, Paris tem mantido cerca de 5.100 soldados no Sahel. No entanto, Macron disse que “o objetivo final é reduzir nossos múltiplos desdobramentos militares ” na região. “Faremos uma retirada de forma organizada”, disse Macron a repórteres, acrescentando que os detalhes, incluindo o número de soldados que a França mantém na região, serão finalizados no final de junho. “Teremos de manter um diálogo com os nossos parceiros africanos e europeus. Manteremos um pilar de contraterrorismo com forças especiais com várias centenas de forças ... e haverá um segundo pilar que será a cooperação, 0 qual iremos reforçar ”. [1]

 

Embora Paris sempre tenha afirmado que o objetivo de sua intervenção é o combate aos “extremistas islâmicos”, o verdadeiro propósito são seus interesses de poder político e econômico e Respectivamente francês. O imperialismo europeu quer manter o noroeste da África sob seu controle, pois esta é uma região de relevância estratégica. Ele contém importantes matérias-primas que são exploradas por empresas multinacionais com enormes lucros. Com uma população em rápido crescimento, o mercado da África é cada vez mais relevante para os monopólios imperialistas - ainda mais porque vivemos em um histórico de decadência do capitalismo.

 

Além disso, a região é a “porta” para a migração para a Europa que os estados imperialistas querem controlar tanto quanto possível. Por essas razões, os imperialistas estão determinados a manter os ditadores locais no poder, pois esses aliados são cruciais para o controle do Sahel.

 

Uma série de reveses

 

A retirada parcial da França não é nenhuma surpresa. Como a CCRI explicou em várias declarações no passado, o imperialismo francês sofreu vários reveses nos passados recentes. Grupos de resistência armada deram golpes severos nas forças de ocupação. A presença militar francesa é altamente impopular entre o povo africano que já sofreu muito durante os séculos de colonialismo francês. [2]

 

Além disso, a França perdeu dois aliados cruciais nos últimos tempos. Em agosto de 2020, o presidente do Mali, Ibrahim Boubacar Keita, foi derrubado por um golpe militar por parte de jovens oficiais com forte apoio popular. [3] E em abril deste ano, o ditador de longa data do Chade, Idriss Déby, foi morto em batalhas com rebeldes (ou morto por seu próprio povo - as circunstâncias concretas de sua morte permanecem misteriosas). [4]

 

A CCRI e todos os anti-imperialistas dão as boas-vindas ao revés para o imperialismo francês. Paris é há muito tempo a principal força de ocupação imperialista na região. Cada passo que enfraquece os invasores estrangeiros e aumenta a margem de manobra das forças de resistência popular é um passo em frente!

 

França: Uma potência imperialista maligna

 

A França não é apenas uma das mais fortes potências imperialistas europeias e um dos cinco membros permanentes do Conselho de Segurança da ONU com poder de veto. Sua defesa agressiva ao ódio islamofóbico promovendo a propaganda racista do Charlie Hebdo, sua campanha doméstica chauvinista baseada nos chamados " valores franceses ", suas novas leis repressivas contra migrantes muçulmanos, sua expansão maciça da polícia e do estado de vigilância, e sua política externa agressiva no Oriente Médio e no Mediterrâneo Oriental - tudo isso, com razão, tornou a França profundamente ressentida no mundo muçulmano.

 

Claro, os socialistas não devem ter ilusões sobre a situação atual. A França está sendo forçada a retirar algumas forças, mas suas tropas ainda permanecem na região. Além disso, ainda existem milhares de outras forças de ocupação - tanto da União Europeia como de regimes africanos aliados - que operam no Mali como parte da Missão da ONU MINUSMA. Além disso, dizem que o novo homem forte de Mali - o líder do golpe Assimi Goita - planeja convidar as tropas russas para substituir os franceses. (Isso é, notamos de passagem, outro reflexo do declínio das potências imperialistas ocidentais e da ascensão da Rússia e da China como novas potências imperialistas. [5] )

 

No entanto, o imperialismo francês sofreu uma derrota, e isso é bem-vindo! A luta dos trabalhadores e camponeses pobres em Mali, Chade, Níger, Burkina Faso e Mauritânia deve continuar até que todos os ocupantes imperialistas e todos os ditadores reacionários tenham sido expulsos!

 

 

 

[1] Veja sobre este exemplo Sylvie Corbet: Macron para reduzir as tropas militares francesas no Sahel da África, 2021-06-11 https://apnews.com/article/europe-africa-government-and-politics-aafc8384982070d6c2bc713a008d9638; Macron: Fim da missão Barkhane, presença francesa para ficar em Sahel, 10 Jun 2021 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/10/sahel-macron-announces-end-operation-barkhane-it-exists; Baba Ahmed e Krista Larson: Militares franceses suspendem operação conjunta com militares do Mali, 2021-06-03 https://apnews.com/article/europe-africa-mali-8a2bd531f3074b7f705fba64c70d5d3e

 

[2] Veja sobre este, por exemplo, RCIT: Expulse o imperialismo francês da África Ocidental! Macron e seus G5 Lackeys planejam intensificar sua "Operação Barkhane" colonialista, 15 de janeiro de 2020, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/expel-french-imperialism-from-west-africa/; Abaixo o neocolonialismo francês na África Ocidental! Protesto contra o imperialista "Operação Barkhane" / "Coalizão pelo Sahel"! Declaração Conjunta das Organizações Anti-Imperialistas e Socialistas, 12 de Fevereiro de 2020, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/joint-statement-down-with-french-neo-colonialism-in-west-africa/; RCIT: Imperialismo francês Lambe suas Feridas. 13 soldados franceses morreram no Mali durante a missão de combate colonialista, em 29 de novembro de 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/mali-french-imperialism-lick-its-wounds/

 

[3] Veja sobre este, por exemplo, RCIT: Mali: O Governante Imperialista de Marionetes Keita Caiu! Governantes imperialistas e africanos protestam contra o fim do regime reacionário – mas trabalhadores e oprimidos devem tomar o poder em suas próprias mãos! 19 de agosto de 2020, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/mali-the-imperialist-puppet-ruler-keita-has-fallen/; Mali: Não às sanções imperialistas após a destituição do regime autoritário keita! Declaração Conjunta das Organizações Revolucionárias e Anti-Imperialistas, 27 de Agosto de 2020, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/joint-statement-no-to-imperialist-sanctions-after-the-dismissal-of-the-authoritarian-keita-regime-in-mali/;Malianos, não repitam o erro da história! Para corpos independentes das massas populares liderarem a luta! Para uma Assembleia Constituinte Revolucionária agora! Declaração da Vanguarda Socialista Revolucionária (Seção Nigeriana do RCIT) e Liga Socialista Revolucionária (Seção RCIT Simpatizante no Quênia), 21 de agosto de 2020, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/malians-don-t-repeat-the-mistake-of-history/

 

[4] Edouard Takadji e Carley Petesch: O presidente do Chade, Deby, aliado na luta contra o extremismo, morre aos 68 anos, 2021-04-21 https://apnews.com/article/business-government-and-politics-africa-chad-f21fc203a3596d45da7d651a3a0458b9; Presidente do Chade, Deby, morre após lutar contra rebeldes no campo de batalha: exército, 20 de abril de 2021 https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2021/4/20/chads-president-deby-dies-after-fighting-rebels-on-battlefield; Mucahid Durmaz: Chade: O que a morte de Idriss Deby significa para o Sahel? 25 de abril de 2021 https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/chad-what-does-idriss-deby-death-mean; Edouard Takadji: Milhares se manifestam no Chade contra a transição militar, 2021-04-27 https://apnews.com/article/idriss-deby-ndjamena-africa-france-chad-8a08c0dbfb0107bd478546301adf9f41; Protestos no Chade se tornam mortais à medida que manifestantes exigem governo civil, 27 abr 2021 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/27/protests-erupt-in-chads-capital-protesters-demand-civilian-rule. Krista Larson: Enlutados realizam funerais de manifestantes na tensa capital do Chade, 1º de maio de 2021, https://apnews.com/article/chad-europe-africa-government-and-politics-cd8d3f2ebc4890888aee118f026126d8; A polícia chadiana dispara gás lacrimogêneo para dispersar manifestantes anti-junta, em 8 de maio de 2021 https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2021/5/8/chadian-police-fire-tear-gas-to-scatter-anti-junta-protesters;

 

[5] Sobre a análise da CCRI/RCIT sobre a rivalidade do Grande Poder e a ascensão da China e da Rússia como potências imperialistas emergentes ver a literatura mencionada na subseção especial em nosso site: https://www.thecommunists.net/home/portugu%C3%AAs/livro-o-anti-imperialismo-na-era-da-rivalidade-das-grandes-potencias-conteudo/;

 

 https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/china-russia-as-imperialist-powers/. Em particular, nos referimos ao livro de Michael Pröbsting: Anti-Imperialismo na Era da Grande Rivalidade das Grandes Potencias. Os fatores por trás da rivalidade acelerada entre os EUA, China, Rússia, UE e Japão. Uma Crítica da Análise da Esquerda e um Esboço da Perspectiva Marxista, RCIT Books, janeiro de 2019. Veja também nossos inúmeros documentos sobre a Guerra Global do Comércio que foram coletados em uma sub-página especial em nosso site: https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/collection-of-articles-on-the-global-trade-war/. Veja também o último panfleto de Michael Pröbsting: "A Really Good Quarrel". Reunião EUA-China no Alasca: A Guerra Fria Inter-Imperialista continua, 23 de março de 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/home/portugu%C3%AAs/realmente-uma-boa-briga/

 

 

 

Por Michael Pröbsting, Secretario Internacional de la Corriente Comunista Revolucionaria Internacional (CCRI / RCIT), 13 de junio de 2021

 

En una conferencia de prensa, realizada el 11 de junio, el presidente Emmanuel Macron anunció la futura reducción de la presencia militar de Francia en la región africana del Sahel (zona ubicada entre el desierto del Sahara y el norte costero). Habló de la “profunda transformación” de la operación militar de su país en Mali y países vecinos, sin entrar en detalles.

 

Macron dijo que la Operación Barkhane de Francia terminará formalmente y será reemplazada por otra misión enfocada en combatir a los "extremistas islámicos" que dependen más de sus aliados en la región. Actualmente, París ha mantenido alrededor de 5.100 soldados en el Sahel. Sin embargo, dijo que, "el objetivo final es reducir nuestros múltiples despliegues militares... Nos retiraremos de manera organizada... Tendremos que mantener un diálogo con nuestros socios africanos y europeos. Mantendremos un pilar de contraterrorismo con fuerzas especiales con varios cientos de fuerzas... y habrá un segundo pilar que será la cooperación, que fortaleceremos ”. [1]

 

Aunque París siempre ha manifestado que el objetivo de su intervención es la lucha contra los “extremistas islámicos”, el verdadero propósito son sus intereses de poder político y económico. El imperialismo europeo pretende mantener bajo su control el noroeste de África, ya que se trata de una región de relevancia estratégica, que contiene materias primas importantes, explotadas por empresas multinacionales con grandes beneficios.

 

Con una población en rápido crecimiento, el mercado africano es cada vez más relevante para los monopolios imperialistas, sobre todo porque vivimos en una historia de decadencia del capitalismo. Además, la región es la “puerta de entrada” a la migración a Europa que los estados imperialistas quieren manejar, tanto como sea posible. Por estas razones, los imperialistas están decididos a sostener a los dictadores locales, ya que estos aliados son cruciales para el control del Sahel.

 

Una serie de contratiempos

 

La retirada parcial de Francia no es ninguna sorpresa. Como explicó la CCRI en varias declaraciones en el pasado, el imperialismo francés viene de sufrir varios reveses. Los grupos de resistencia armada ha asestado fuertes golpes a sus fuerzas de ocupación, cuya presencia es muy impopular entre los africanos, que ya han sufrido mucho durante siglos de colonialismo francés. [2]

 

Además, Francia ha perdido dos aliados cruciales en los últimos tiempos. En agosto de 2020, el presidente de Malí, Ibrahim Boubacar Keita, fue derrocado en un golpe militar perpetrado por oficiales jóvenes con un fuerte apoyo popular. [3] Y en abril de este año, el antiguo dictador de Chad, Idriss Déby, fue asesinado en batallas con rebeldes (o ejecutado por su propia gente; ya que las circunstancias concretas de su muerte siguen siendo un misterio). [4]

 

La CCRI y todos los sectores que se reivindican antiimperialistas deben darle la bienvenida a este nuevo revés del imperialismo francés, que ha sido durante mucho tiempo la principal fuerza de ocupación en la región. ¡Cada paso que debilite a los invasores extranjeros y aumente el margen de maniobra de las fuerzas de resistencia popular es un paso adelante!

 

Francia: una potencia imperialista malvada

 

Francia no es solo una de las potencias imperialistas europeas más fuertes y de los cinco miembros permanentes del Consejo de Seguridad de la ONU con poder de veto. Su defensa agresiva del odio islamófobo, que promueve la propaganda racista de Charlie Hebdo, su campaña nacional chovinista basada en los llamados "valores franceses", sus nuevas leyes represivas contra los inmigrantes musulmanes, su expansión masiva de la policía y el estado de vigilancia, y su política exterior agresiva en Oriente Medio y el Mediterráneo Oriental: todo esto, con razón, hizo que Francia se sintiera profundamente resentida en el mundo musulmán.

 

Por supuesto, los socialistas no deben hacerse ilusiones sobre la situación actual. Francia se ve obligada a retirar algunas fuerzas, pero sus tropas aún permanecen en la región. Además, todavía hay miles de otras fuerzas de ocupación, tanto de la Unión Europea como de regímenes africanos aliados, operando en Malí como parte de la Misión de la MINUSMA de la ONU. Además, se dice que el nuevo hombre fuerte de Malí, el golpista Assimi Goita, planea invitar a tropas rusas para reemplazar a las francesas. (Esto es, notamos de pasada, otro reflejo del declive de las potencias imperialistas occidentales y el ascenso de Rusia y China como nuevas potencias imperialistas. [5])

 

Sin embargo, el imperialismo francés ha sufrido una derrota, ¡y eso es bienvenido! ¡La lucha de los trabajadores y campesinos pobres en Mali, Chad, Níger, Burkina Faso y Mauritania debe continuar hasta que todos los ocupantes imperialistas y todos los dictadores reaccionarios hayan sido expulsados!

 

 

 

[1] Ver este ejemplo Sylvie Corbet: Macron reducirá las tropas militares francesas en el Sahel de África, 2021-06-11 https://apnews.com/article/europe-africa-government-and-politics-aafc8384982070d6c2bc713a008d9638; Macron: fin de la misión Barkhane, presencia francesa para permanecer en el Sahel, 10 de junio de 2021 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/10/sahel-macron-announces-end-operation-barkhane-it-exists ; Baba Ahmed y Krista Larson: los militares franceses suspenden la operación conjunta con los militares de Mali, 2021-06-03 https://apnews.com/article/europe-africa-mali-8a2bd531f3074b7f705fba64c70d5d3e

 

 

 

인민 저항으로 프랑스 제국주의가 아프리카의 사헬에 주둔하고 있는 군대를 감축하도록 강요받다!

 

미하엘 프뢰브스팅, RCIT 국제서기, 2021년 6월 13일, www.thecommunists.net

6월 11일 에마뉘엘 마크롱 대통령은 기자회견에서 아프리카 사헬 지역에 배치한 프랑스 병력을 향후 감축하겠다고 발표했다. 구체적인 내용은 밝히지 않은 채 말리와 주변국에서 프랑스 군 작전의 "엄청난 변화가 있을 것"이라고 말했다.

 

마크롱은 "프랑스의 바르칸 작전은 정식으로 종료될 것이며, 이 지역 동맹국들에 의존도를 더 높일 '이슬람 극단주의자들'과의 싸움에 초점을 맞춘 또 다른 작전으로 대체될 것"이라고 밝혔다. 현재 프랑스 정부는 약 5,100명의 병력을 사헬에 주둔시켰다. 그러나 마크롱은 이 지역에 "우리의 다중 군사 배치를 줄이는 것이 최종 목표"라고 말했다. 마크롱은 기자들에게 "조직적인 방식으로 철수할 것"이라며, 이 지역에 주둔하고 있는 프랑스 군인의 수 등 구체적인 내용은 6월 말까지 확정될 것이라고 덧붙였다. “우리는 아프리카와 유럽의 우리 파트너들과 대화를 해야 할 것입니다. 우리는 수백 명의 특공대를 포함한 대테러 부대를 유지할 것이며... 합동군으로 제2의 대테러 부대가 창설될 것인데 여기에 우리도 힘을 보탤 것입니다.”[1]

 

프랑스 정부는 개입의 목표가 "이슬람 극단주의자들"과 싸우는 것이라고 언제나 주장해왔지만, 진짜 목적은 정치·경제적 권력 이해다. 프랑스 제국주의를 비롯한 유럽 제국주의는 서북 아프리카가 전략적 중요성을 가진 지역이므로 자신의 통제 하에 두기를 원한다. 이 지역에는 다국적 기업이 개발 착취하여 막대한 이윤을 거두고 있는 중요한 원료 자원들이 많다. 인구가 급속히 증가함에 따라 아프리카 시장에 제국주의 독점체들이 그 어느 때보다도 대거 촉수를 뻗치고 있다. 그것도 자본주의 쇠퇴가 가속화하고 있는 이 시기에 말이다.

 

게다가 이 지역은 제국주의 국가들이 가능한 한 최대로 통제하길 원하는 유럽 이주의 "관문"이다. 이러한 이유로 제국주의자들은 사헬 지역 통제를 위해선 현지 독재자들이 동맹군으로서 중요하기 때문에 이들 독재자들을 계속 집권시켜놓고자 작심하고 있다.

 

 

 

일련의 좌절·후퇴

 

프랑스의 부분적 철수는 놀라운 일이 아니다. RCIT가 지난 몇몇 성명을 통해 설명했듯이, 프랑스 제국주의는 최근에 여러 차례 좌절과 후퇴를 겪었다. 무장 저항 단체들이 점령군에 혹독한 타격을 입혔다. 프랑스 군대의 주둔은 이미 수세기 동안의 프랑스 식민주의로 인해 많은 고통을 겪어야 했던 아프리카 인민들 사이에서 많은 혐오를 불러일으키고 있다.[2]

 

더욱이 프랑스는 최근 두 주요 동맹군을 잃었다. 2020년 8월, 이브라힘 부바카르 케이타 말리 대통령은 강력한 인민적 지지를 받은 젊은 장교들의 군사 쿠데타에 의해 타도됐다.[3] 그리고 올해 4월, 차드의 오랜 독재자 이드리스 데비는 반군과의 전투에서 살해됐다. (또는 자신의 군대에 의해 살해됐다는 설도 있다. 그의 죽음에 관한 구체적인 상황은 여전히 미스터리로 남아 있다.)[4]

 

RCIT를 비롯해 모든 반제국주의자들은 프랑스 제국주의의 후퇴를 강력히 환영한다. 프랑스는 오랫동안 이 지역의 주된 제국주의 점령군이었다. 외국 침략자를 약화시키고, 인민 저항세력의 운신 폭을 증대시키는 모든 발걸음 하나하나가 전진하는 한 걸음이다!

 

 

 

프랑스: 사악한 제국주의 열강

 

프랑스는 유럽 제국주의 최강국 중 하나일 뿐 아니라 거부권을 가진 유엔 안보리 5개 상임이사국 중 하나다. 인종차별적 샤를리 엡도 프로파간다를 조장하여 이슬람 혐오 선동몰이를 공격적으로 옹호하기, 국내에서 이른바 “프랑스 가치”에 바탕을 둔 배외주의 캠페인, 무슬림 이주자들에 대한 새로운 탄압법, 경찰·감시 국가의 대대적 확장, 중동 및 동지중해에서 공격적인 대외정책 등, 이 모든 것이 당연히 프랑스를 무슬림 세계에서 뿌리 깊은 분개 대상이 되게 했다.

 

물론 사회주의자들은 현 상황에 대해 어떠한 환상도 가져선 안 된다. 어쩔 수 없이 프랑스가 일부 병력을 철수해야 하지만, 프랑스 군대는 여전히 이 지역에 남아 있다. 더군다나, 다른 수천 명의 유럽연합 점령군 및 아프리카 연합군들이 여전히 주둔해 있다. 이들은 “유엔 말리 다각적 통합 안정화 임무 (UN-Mission MINUSMA)”의 일부로 말리에서 작전을 수행하고 있다. 이에 더해 말리의 새로운 스트롱맨 아시미 고이타 (쿠데타 리더)가 프랑스를 대체하기 위해 러시아군을 끌어들일 계획이라고 한다. (서방 제국주의 열강의 쇠퇴와 새로운 제국주의 열강 러시아와 중국의 부상에 대한 또 다른 반증이다.)[5]

 

그럼에도 프랑스 제국주의는 패배를 겪었고, 이것은 환영받을 일이다! 말리, 차드, 니제르, 부르키나파소, 모리타니아에서 노동자와 가난한 농민의 투쟁은 모든 제국주의 점령군들과 모든 반동 독재자들이 쫓겨날 때까지 계속되어야 한다!

 

 

 

----------------------------------------------------------

 

 

 

[1] 이에 대해서는 다음을 보라. Sylvie Corbet: Macron to reduce French military troops in Africa’s Sahel, 2021-06-11 https://apnews.com/article/europe-africa-government-and-politics-aafc8384982070d6c2bc713a008d9638; Macron: Barkhane mission ending, French presence to stay in Sahel, 10 Jun 2021 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/10/sahel-macron-announces-end-operation-barkhane-it-exists; Baba Ahmed and Krista Larson: French military suspends joint operation with Mali military, 2021-06-03 https://apnews.com/article/europe-africa-mali-8a2bd531f3074b7f705fba64c70d5d3e

 

[2] 이에 대해서는 다음을 보라. RCIT: Expel French Imperialism from West Africa! Macron and his G5 Lackeys plan to intensify their colonialist “Operation Barkhane”, 15 January 2020, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/expel-french-imperialism-from-west-africa/; Down with French Neo-Colonialism in West Africa! Protest against the imperialist “Operation Barkhane” / “Coalition for the Sahel”! Joint Statement of Anti-Imperialist and Socialist Organisations, 12 February 2020, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/joint-statement-down-with-french-neo-colonialism-in-west-africa/; RCIT: French Imperialism Lick its Wounds. 13 French soldiers died in Mali during colonialist combat mission, 29 November 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/mali-french-imperialism-lick-its-wounds/

 

[3] 이에 대해서는 다음을 보라. RCIT: Mali: The Imperialist Puppet Ruler Keita Has Fallen! Imperialist and African rulers protest against the end of the reactionary regime – but workers and oppressed must take power in their own hand! 19 August 2020, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/mali-the-imperialist-puppet-ruler-keita-has-fallen/; Mali: No to Imperialist Sanctions after the Dismissal of the Authoritarian Keita Regime! Joint Statement of Revolutionary and Anti-Imperialist Organisations, 27 August 2020, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/joint-statement-no-to-imperialist-sanctions-after-the-dismissal-of-the-authoritarian-keita-regime-in-mali/; Malians, Don't Repeat The Mistake Of History! For independent bodies of the popular masses to lead the struggle! For a Revolutionary Constituent Assembly now! Statement of the Revolutionary Socialist Vanguard (Nigerian Section of the RCIT) and Revolutionary Socialist League (Sympathizing RCIT Section in Kenya), 21 August 2020, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/malians-don-t-repeat-the-mistake-of-history/

 

[4] Edouard Takadji and Carley Petesch: Chad President Deby, ally in fighting extremism, dies at 68, 2021-04-21 https://apnews.com/article/business-government-and-politics-africa-chad-f21fc203a3596d45da7d651a3a0458b9; Chad's president Deby dies after fighting rebels on battlefield: army, 20 April, 2021 https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2021/4/20/chads-president-deby-dies-after-fighting-rebels-on-battlefield; Mucahid Durmaz: Chad: What does the death of Idriss Deby mean for the Sahel? 25 April 2021 https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/chad-what-does-idriss-deby-death-mean; Edouard Takadji: Thousands demonstrate in Chad against military transition, 2021-04-27 https://apnews.com/article/idriss-deby-ndjamena-africa-france-chad-8a08c0dbfb0107bd478546301adf9f41; Chad protests turn deadly as demonstrators demand civilian rule, 27 Apr 2021 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/27/protests-erupt-in-chads-capital-protesters-demand-civilian-rule; Krista Larson: Mourners hold protester funerals in Chad’s tense capital, May 1, 2021, https://apnews.com/article/chad-europe-africa-government-and-politics-cd8d3f2ebc4890888aee118f026126d8; Chadian police fire tear gas to scatter anti-junta protesters, 8 May, 2021 https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2021/5/8/chadian-police-fire-tear-gas-to-scatter-anti-junta-protesters;

 

[5] 강대국 패권쟁투와 중·러의 신흥 제국주의 열강 부상에 대한 RCIT의 분석으로는, 다음의 우리 웹사이트 별도 하위 섹션에 있는 문헌들을 보라. https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/china-russia-as-imperialist-powers/. 특히 다음의 책을 보라. Michael Pröbsting: Anti-Imperialism in the Age of Great Power Rivalry. The Factors behind the Accelerating Rivalry between the U.S., China, Russia, EU and Japan. A Critique of the Left’s Analysis and an Outline of the Marxist Perspective, RCIT Books, January 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/anti-imperialism-in-the-age-of-great-power-rivalry/[<<강대국 패권쟁투 시대에 반제국주의>> https://www.thecommunists.net/home/%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4/book-anti-imperialism-in-the-age-of-great-power-rivalry/] . 세계무역전쟁에 관한 문서들이 다음의 우리 웹사이트 별도 하위 페이지에 있다. 이 문서들도 보라. https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/collection-of-articles-on-the-global-trade-war/. 다음의 최근 팸플릿도 보라. Michael Pröbsting: “A Really Good Quarrel”. US-China Alaska Meeting: The Inter-Imperialist Cold War Continues, 23 March 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/us-china-alaska-meeting-shows-continuation-of-inter-imperialist-cold-war/ [<<제국주의 간 냉전은 어떻게 바이든 하에서도 계속되고 있나>> https://www.thecommunists.net/home/%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4/us-china-cold-war-continues-after-alaska-meeting/]

 

 

 

Der Volkswiderstand zwingt den französischen Imperialismus, seine Truppen in der afrikanischen Sahelzone zu reduzieren

Von Michael Pröbsting, Internationaler Sekretär der Revolutionär-Kommunistischen Internationale Tendenz (RCIT), 13. Juni 2021, www.thecommunists.net

 

In einer Pressekonferenz am 11. Juni kündigte Präsident Emmanuel Macron die zukünftige Reduzierung der französischen Militärpräsenz in der afrikanischen Sahelzone an. Er sprach von einer "tiefgreifenden Transformation" des Militäreinsatzes seines Landes in Mali und den Nachbarländern, ohne auf Details einzugehen.

 

Macron erklärte, dass Frankreichs Operation Barkhane formell enden und durch eine andere Mission ersetzt werden wird, die sich auf den Kampf gegen "islamische Extremisten" konzentriert und sich mehr auf seine Verbündeten in der Region stützt. Derzeit hat Paris rund 5.100 Soldaten in der Sahelzone stationiert. Macron sagte jedoch, dass "das endgültige Ziel ist, unsere zahlreichen militärischen Einsätze" in der Region zu reduzieren. "Wir werden einen geordneten Abzug vornehmen", sagte Macron gegenüber Reportern und fügte hinzu, dass die Details, einschließlich der Anzahl der Soldaten, die Frankreich in der Region behält, bis Ende Juni beschlossen sein werden. "Wir werden einen Dialog mit unseren afrikanischen und europäischen Partnern führen müssen. Wir werden eine Anti-Terror-Säule mit Spezialkräften mit mehreren hundert Kräften behalten ... und es wird eine zweite Säule geben, die Kooperation sein wird, und die wir verstärken werden." [1]

 

Während Paris immer behauptet hat, das Ziel seiner Intervention sei die Bekämpfung "islamischer Extremisten", geht es in Wirklichkeit eher um seine politischen und wirtschaftlichen Machtinteressen. Der französische bzw. europäische Imperialismus will Nordwestafrika unter seiner Kontrolle halten, da es sich um eine Region von strategischer Bedeutung handelt. Sie enthält wichtige Rohstoffe, die von multinationalen Konzernen mit riesigen Profiten ausgebeutet werden. Mit einer schnell wachsenden Bevölkerung wird der afrikanische Markt für die imperialistischen Monopole immer relevanter – umso mehr, als wir in einer historischen Zerfallszeit des Kapitalismus leben.

 

Darüber hinaus ist die Region das "Tor" für die Migration nach Europa, das die imperialistischen Staaten so weit wie möglich kontrollieren wollen. Aus diesen Gründen sind die Imperialisten entschlossen, die lokalen Diktatoren an der Macht zu halten, da diese Verbündeten entscheidend für ihre Kontrolle der Sahelzone sind.

 

Eine Reihe von Rückschlägen

 

Der Teilrückzug Frankreichs ist keine Überraschung. Wie die RCIT in mehreren Erklärungen in der Vergangenheit erklärte, musste der französische Imperialismus in der jüngsten Vergangenheit mehrere Rückschläge hinnehmen. Bewaffnete Widerstandsgruppen haben den Besatzungstruppen schwere Schläge versetzt. Die französische Militärpräsenz ist bei der afrikanischen Bevölkerung, die schon viel unter dem jahrhundertelangen französischen Kolonialismus zu leiden hatte, höchst unpopulär. [2]

 

Zudem hat Frankreich in jüngster Zeit zwei wichtige Verbündete verloren. Im August 2020 wurde Malis Präsident Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta durch einen Militärputsch von jungen Offizieren mit starker Unterstützung der Bevölkerung gestürzt. [3] Und im April dieses Jahres wurde der langjährige Diktator des Tschad, Idriss Déby, in Kämpfen mit Rebellen getötet (oder von seinen eigenen Leuten umgebracht - die konkreten Umstände seines Todes bleiben rätselhaft). [4]

 

Die RCIT und alle Antiimperialisten begrüßen diesen Rückschlag für den französischen Imperialismus sehr. Paris ist schon seit langem die wichtigste imperialistische Besatzungsmacht in der Region. Jeder Schritt, der die ausländischen Invasoren schwächt und den Handlungsspielraum für die Widerstandskräfte des Volkes vergrößert, ist ein Schritt nach vorn!

 

Frankreich: eine bösartige imperialistische Macht

 

Frankreich ist nicht nur eine der stärksten europäischen imperialistischen Mächte und eines der fünf ständigen Mitglieder des UN-Sicherheitsrates mit Vetorecht. Sein aggressives Eintreten für islamfeindliche Hetze durch die Förderung der rassistischen Charlie-Hebdo-Propaganda, seine chauvinistische innenpolitische Kampagne auf der Grundlage der so genannten "französischen Werte", seine neuen repressiven Gesetze gegen muslimische Migranten, sein massiver Ausbau des Polizei- und Überwachungsstaates und seine aggressive Außenpolitik im Nahen Osten und im östlichen Mittelmeerraum – all das hat die Ablehnung Frankreichs in der muslimischen Welt zu Recht enorm gesteigert.

 

Natürlich sollten sich Sozialistinnen und Sozialisten keine Illusionen über die aktuelle Situation machen. Frankreich ist gezwungen, einige Truppen abzuziehen, aber seine Truppen bleiben immer noch in der Region. Darüber hinaus gibt es noch Tausende von anderen Besatzungstruppen - sowohl von der Europäischen Union als auch von verbündeten afrikanischen Regimen, die im Rahmen der UN-Mission MINUSMA in Mali operieren. Außerdem heißt es, dass Malis neuer starker Mann - Putschistenführer Assimi Goita - plant, russische Truppen einzuladen, um die Franzosen zu ersetzen. (Dies ist, wie wir am Rande bemerken, ein weiteres Indiz für den Niedergang der westlichen imperialistischen Mächte und den Aufstieg von Russland und China als neue imperialistische Mächte.) [5]

 

Dennoch hat der französische Imperialismus eine Niederlage erlitten, und das ist zu begrüßen! Der Kampf der Arbeiter und armen Bauern in Mali, Tschad, Niger, Burkina Faso und Mauretanien muss weitergehen, bis alle imperialistischen Besatzer und alle reaktionären Diktatoren vertrieben worden sind!

 

 

 

Fußnoten

 

[1] Siehe dazu z.B. Sylvie Corbet: Macron to reduce French military troops in Africa's Sahel, 11.06.2021 https://apnews.com/article/europe-africa-government-and-politics-aafc8384982070d6c2bc713a008d9638; Macron: Barkhane mission ending, French presence to stay in Sahel, 10.06.2021 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/10/sahel-macron-announces-end-operation-barkhane-it-exists; Baba Ahmed und Krista Larson: French military suspends joint operation with Mali military, 2021-06-03, https://apnews.com/article/europe-africa-mali-8a2bd531f3074b7f705fba64c70d5d3e

 

[2] Siehe dazu z.B. RCIT: Vertreibe den französischen Imperialismus aus Westafrika! Macron und seine G5-Lakaien wollen ihre kolonialistische "Operation Barkhane" intensivieren, 15.01.2020, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/expel-french-imperialism-from-west-africa/; Nieder mit dem französischen Neokolonialismus in Westafrika! Protest gegen die imperialistische "Operation Barkhane" / "Koalition für die Sahelzone"! Gemeinsame Erklärung der antiimperialistischen und sozialistischen Organisationen, 12. Februar 2020, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/joint-statement-down-with-french-neo-colonialism-in-west-africa/; RCIT: Der französische Imperialismus leckt seine Wunden. 13 französische Soldaten starben in Mali bei kolonialistischem Kampfeinsatz, 29. November 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/mali-french-imperialism-lick-its-wounds/

 

[3] Siehe dazu z.B. RCIT: Mali: Der imperialistische Marionettenherrscher Keita ist gestürzt! Imperialistische und afrikanische Machthaber protestieren gegen das Ende des reaktionären Regimes - aber Arbeiter und Unterdrückte müssen die Macht selbst in die Hand nehmen! 19. August 2020, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/mali-the-imperialist-puppet-ruler-keita-has-fallen/; Mali: Nein zu imperialistischen Sanktionen nach der Absetzung des autoritären Keita-Regimes! Gemeinsame Erklärung der revolutionären und antiimperialistischen Organisationen, 27. August 2020, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/joint-statement-no-to-imperialist-sanctions-after-the-dismissal-of-the-authoritarian-keita-regime-in-mali/; Malier, wiederholt nicht den Fehler der Geschichte! Für unabhängige Organe der Volksmassen zur Führung des Kampfes! Für eine Revolutionäre Konstituierende Versammlung jetzt! Erklärung der Revolutionary Socialist Vanguard (nigerianische Sektion des RCIT) und Revolutionary Socialist League (sympathisierende RCIT-Sektion in Kenia), 21. August 2020, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/malians-don-t-repeat-the-mistake-of-history/

 

[4] Edouard Takadji und Carley Petesch: Chad President Deby, ally in fighting extremism, dies at 68, 2021-04-21 https://apnews.com/article/business-government-and-politics-africa-chad-f21fc203a3596d45da7d651a3a0458b9; Chad's president Deby dies after fighting rebels on battlefield: army, 20 April, 2021 https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2021/4/20/chads-president-deby-dies-after-fighting-rebels-on-battlefield; Mucahid Durmaz: Tschad: Was bedeutet der Tod von Idriss Deby für die Sahelzone? 25. April 2021 https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/chad-what-does-idriss-deby-death-mean; Edouard Takadji: Tousands demonstrate in Chad against military transition, 2021-04-27 https://apnews.com/article/idriss-deby-ndjamena-africa-france-chad-8a08c0dbfb0107bd478546301adf9f41; Chad protests turn deadly as demonstrators demand civilian rule, 27 Apr 2021 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/27/protests-erupt-in-chads-capital-protesters-demand-civilian-rule; Krista Larson: Mourners hold protester funerals in Chad's tense capital, 1. Mai 2021, https://apnews.com/article/chad-europe-africa-government-and-politics-cd8d3f2ebc4890888aee118f026126d8; Chadian police fire tear gas to scatter anti-junta protesters, 8. Mai 2021 https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2021/5/8/chadian-police-fire-tear-gas-to-scatter-anti-junta-protesters

 

[5] Zur Analyse der Großmachtrivalität und des Aufstiegs Chinas und Russlands als aufstrebende imperialistische Mächte durch das RCIT siehe die in der speziellen Unterrubrik auf unserer Website genannte Literatur: https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/china-russia-as-imperialist-powers/. Insbesondere verweisen wir auf das Buch von Michael Pröbsting: Anti-Imperialismus im Zeitalter der Großmachtrivalität. Die Faktoren der sich beschleunigenden Rivalität zwischen den USA, China, Russland, der EU und Japan. A Critique of the Left's Analysis and an Outline of the Marxist Perspective, RCIT Books, Januar 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/anti-imperialism-in-the-age-of-great-power-rivalry/. Siehe auch unsere zahlreichen Dokumente zum Globalen Handelskrieg, die auf einer speziellen Unterseite auf unserer Website gesammelt wurden: https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/collection-of-articles-on-the-global-trade-war/. Siehe auch das neueste Pamphlet von Michael Pröbsting: "Ein wirklich guter Streit". US-China-Treffen in Alaska: Der zwischenimperialistische Kalte Krieg geht weiter, 23. März 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/us-china-alaska-meeting-shows-continuation-of-inter-imperialist-cold-war/