The pro-Russian Stalinist parties and their arguments in the current NATO-Russia Conflict
An Essay by Michael Pröbsting, International Secretary of the Revolutionary Communist International Tendency (RCIT), 9 February 2022, www.thecommunists.net
Contents
Introduction
1. NATO is the sole aggressor! Really?
2. Is it relevant for Marxists who is the aggressor?
3. What is causing the escalation of tensions between Great Powers: the party of warmongers or the imperialist system?
4. Can socialists defend “legitimate spheres of influence” of Great Powers?
5. Putin and Great Russian Chauvinism claim that the Ukraine is not an independent nation
6. Stalinism versus Bolshevism: The Ukraine and the right of national self-determination
7. From Kazakhstan to Syria: Stalinism is siding with the counterrevolution
8. Is Russian imperialism a “force of social progress”? Discussion of a remarkable Stalinist document
9. Stalinism and social-imperialism: concluding remarks
* * * * *
Introduction
The current escalation of tensions between NATO and Russia is the sharpest manifestation (up to now) of the Great Power rivalry which became a key feature in world politics in the last decade. For the first time, this rivalry has provoked the danger of war between these Great Powers respectively their proxies in the Ukraine.
As we have elaborated in a number of documents, the Revolutionary Communist International Tendency (RCIT) characterizes both camps – NATO as well as Russia – as imperialist. We therefore consider the conflict between these powers – respectively between their proxies in the Ukraine – as thoroughly reactionary. Consequently, socialists have to oppose both sides in this conflict. They need to advocate a program of revolutionary defeatism, i.e. working towards the defeat of the respective governments and the transformation of this conflict into a revolutionary crisis at home. [1]
Naturally, such an event is a key test for all political currents. Great crisis in world politics force self-proclaimed socialists to clarify their analysis, to deepen their understanding of the necessary orientation and to sharpen their tactical slogans. In other words, the aggravation of the contradictions between the classes and states leaves no space for ambiguity and evasiveness. Hence, such crises bring into the open the real nature of political tendencies.
This law of politics is organically linked with another occurrence. The acceleration of rivalry between the Great Powers is, ultimately, rooted in the structural crisis of capitalism and the resulting the aggravation of contradictions between classes and states. Such development inevitable causes also the aggravation of contradictions between political forces representing the interests of the struggling classes (respectively factions of it). Hence, crisis like the current escalation of tensions between NATO and Russia inevitable deepen the divisions between Marxism and opportunism.
In our articles, we have analyzed and criticized the positions of various Stalinist, social democratic and centrist parties in the current crisis. At this place, we want to deal in more detail with those Stalinist parties which explicitly take a side by supporting the camp of Russian imperialism. A critical discussion of their arguments is useful also because one can find their ideas – explicitly or implicitly –in statements of other opportunist forces.
Before we start the examination, we would like to call the readers attention to the following. In this essay we discuss the arguments of a number of Stalinist parties concerning the NATO-Russia conflict. While we explain our counter-arguments, we will refrain from elaborating our political, economic and military analysis of the Great Powers in much detail. We have done so extensively in our book Anti-Imperialism in the Age of Great Power Rivalry [2] and several pamphlets and, therefore, refer readers to look for facts and figures in the bibliographical reference which is listed in the respective footnotes.
1. NATO is the sole aggressor! Really?
A common theme among the Stalinist parties siding with Russian imperialism is the claim that U.S. imperialism, respectively NATO, is the sole responsible force for the current escalation of tensions. In contrast, they consider Russia as a party without expansionist demands which is simply defending itself against the Western aggression.
Let us give a few examples for this. A broad alliance of Stalinist, semi-Stalinist and petty-bourgeois pacifist forces issued a joint statement some days ago, claiming that it is only the U.S. (and its allies) which acts as aggressor.
“Once again, our world is facing an imminent threat of war between two major nuclear powers. As in the past, the United States is using the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) as the vehicle to wage war in clear violation of international law and the Charter of United Nations. The Biden administration is currently flying $200 million worth of weapons and other “lethal aid” to Ukraine and has 8,500 US troops on standby to enter that country. ‘Nonessential’ US diplomatic personnel and their families are being withdrawn from the country. The corporate media is lockstep in its portrayal of Russia as the enemy who is about to invade Ukraine. These actions constitute a de facto declaration of war, while the corporate media fan the flame of war. This current escalation of aggression against Russia through expansion of NATO’s presence into Ukraine is a serious threat to world peace and requires a unified and rapid response by anti-war organizations to stop a major war.” [3]
Interestingly, this statement has been signed not only by various (semi-)Stalinist forces like the Workers World Party, Party of Communists, the Freedom Road Socialist Organization (all in the U.S.), the Communist Party of Ireland, or the New Zealand friends of the North Korean dictatorship (NZ DPRK Society) but also the New York branch of Socialist Action (the leading force of the so-called left opposition in the Mandelite “Fourth International”) Obviously Socialist Action is unburdened by the fact that its “Fourth International” officially characterizes Russia and China as “imperialist” and refuses to take side in the current NATO-Russia conflict. [4] Obviously, the opportunist appetite of Socialist Action in its national work is bigger than its internationalist principles!
The above-mentioned Communist Party of Ireland restate the idea that it is only the U.S. which acts as aggressor in its own declaration. “It is clear that it is not the actions of Russia that are threatening world peace, with the potential huge loss of life and environmental destruction if war is allowed to happen, but rather the aggressive military build-up by NATO as well as the military strategy of the EU under its PESCO strategy. The actions of the NATO alliance is to undermine the 2015 Minsk Peace agreement which called for the removal of all foreign forces and mercenaries from Ukraine.” [5]
The Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) argue in the same spirit. “In this context, from the Middle East to Latin America, from Africa to Europe and Asia, US imperialism, with the support of its allies, pursues its aggressive policy against countries and peoples that do not submit to its dictates and that assert their sovereignty, and intensifies its policy of confrontation against China and Russia. (…) The Central Committee of the PCP condemns the escalation of confrontation promoted by the USA, NATO and the EU against Russia. An escalation that, being expressed on the military, economic and political levels, is being sustained by an intense campaign of misinformation, and constitutes a serious threat to peace. In this context, the inclusion of Ukraine in the aggressive strategy of US imperialism – which turned this country into an instrument of its dangerous provocative action – assumes particular seriousness, as well as the insistence of the USA and NATO in its policy of encircling Russia, with the rejection of the proposals presented by this country – namely those to put an end to the continuous enlargement of NATO and the installation of military resources along its borders – with a view to promoting security in Europe.” [6]
The Canadian CP repeats the same idea: “The fact is that the main danger to peace in Europe and throughout the world does not come from Moscow, but from Washington and NATO.” [7]
And, to provide one more example, the Mexican Popular Socialist Party states: “In this context, the growing tension started at the end of 2021 in the territory of Ukraine, which maintains a military campaign against the two secessionist republics of Donbas. (…) For these reasons, the Popular Socialist Party of Mexico condemns in the strongest terms: the reckless aspirations of the Ukrainian government, sponsored by its American and European partners, to resolve the conflict with the use of force; the irresponsible goal of including Ukraine in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), which, if realized, would do nothing for the peace of the country or the region, but rather the opposite; the Ukrainian government's numerous violations of the Minsk treaties and its lack of political will to resolve the conflict peacefully. (…) We call upon: The peoples of the world and their advanced organizations to be alert and denounce the provocative siege of NATO troops in this region.” [8]
The argument that U.S. imperialism – and its European allies – are aggressors is, of course, correct. The U.S. was the most important victorious power of World War II. It became the leading force within the imperialist camp and the main opponent of the Stalinist states led by the USSR. After the collapse of the latter in 1991, Washington expanded its hegemony even more for more than a decade.
However, this is only half of the truth. U.S. imperialism is in decline since at least one decade and, by now, it has lost its absolute hegemony. Economically, it has been surpassed (or nearly surpassed, depending on the calculation method) by China – the new imperialist Great Power in the East. [9] And Russia is the world’s largest nuclear power together with the U.S. [10]
As a result, the U.S. is no longer an unchallenged hegemon. Its world order has been replaced by a global situation characterized by massive instability and accelerating rivalry between different Great Powers (U.S., China, EU, Russia and Japan). As we have elaborated on this issue extensively in various works, we will not go into detail at this place and refer readers to the RCIT’s literature. [11]
This shift in the global situation in the past decade has resulted in several humiliating retreats and defeats of U.S. imperialism. The most important event has been the chaotic defeat in Afghanistan in August 2021. The result of this development was the fact that the Taliban came back to power, i.e. the very same force which the U.S. overthrew in November 2001 when it invaded this country and which had waged a heroic guerilla struggle against the Western occupiers for two decades. [12]
However, the global retreat of the U.S. is not limited to Afghanistan. Washington had to withdraw troops also from other countries (e.g. Iraq, Syria) and lost much influence in the Middle East. The same has been the case in Central Asia where Russia and China replaced the U.S. as the hegemon.
As a result, it has been Russia and China which expanded their influence in the past decade. China possesses enormous political and economic influence on all continents. It tries to control the whole South Sea (or "East Sea", as it is called by Vietnam) irrespective of the claims of all other littoral states. Beijing also threatens to invade Taiwan which has been allied with U.S. imperialism since the end of the civil war. [13]
Russia, which is economically weaker than China but militarily stronger, wields important influence in the Middle East, in North, East and Central Africa, in Europe as well as in Asia. Its troops are stationed – officially or concealed – in various other countries and regions (e.g. in Central Asia, Eastern Ukraine, Syria, Libya, Mali, Central African Republic, etc.) As Moscow’s military intervention in Kazakhstan has demonstrated recently, Russia acts as the imperialist Gendarme of Eurasia.
This is even more the case today in the current conflict between NATO and Russia. It is Russia which has stationed more than 100,000 troops at the border to the Ukraine, threatening to invade that country. True, NATO has decided now to send also a few thousand additional troops to Eastern Europe, but the escalation was clearly initiated by Moscow. The Biden Administration initially had no intention to launch a political-military offensive against Russia for the simple reason that it is fully occupied with containing China in East Asia.
For all these reasons it is simply white-washing of the Putin regime if these Stalinist parties denounce only the U.S. as the aggressor without saying a single word of criticism about the offensive of Russian (and Chinese) imperialism in the past decade and, in particular, in the last few months!
It is worth noting that smarter observers among the Stalinists recognize this shift in the world order. The Communist Party of India (Marxists) – abbreviated as CPI(M), one of the largest Stalinist parties in the world – recently published an article on the NATO-Russia crisis which pointed to the important changes in the relation of forces between the Great Powers.
“However, the growing assertion of Russia due to its improved economic condition, economic crises that weakened the US and the emergence of China as a force to reckon, marked a change in geopolitical realities. In 2008, Russia unequivocally registered its opposition to NATO’s expansion and made it clear that it draws a ‘red line’ on the inclusion of Georgia and Ukraine into the alliance. (…) US efforts to mobilise all its NATO allies is facing resistance as Germany and France are not buying this idea of Russian invasion. Both of them earlier had even vetoed against the decision to include Ukraine into the NATO alliance. Many of the European countries are dependent on the cheap natural gas supplied by Russia and hence cannot afford to forego their relations with it. They are also aware of the growing threat of neo-Nazi forces in Ukraine, the corrupt and authoritarian regime there and are concerned about the fall-out of all this in their own countries. They are also skeptical of US and the outcome of a military conflict with Russia. After all, Russia still possesses high grade military technology and a war with it, will be disastrous to not only European countries, but to the entire humanity.” [14]
However, this does not lead the Indian Stalinists to take a position opposing all imperialist powers, as we will see below.
The Stalinists’ one-sided opposition only against the Western imperialists is caused by their support for Russian (and Chinese) imperialism. Basically, the act as Putin’s poodles. A particularly outspoken example for this is the Russian KPRF led by Gennady Zyuganov. As we did already point out somewhere else, this party openly hailed Russia’s military intervention in Kazakhstan to put down the popular uprising. Such advocacy for counterrevolution was justified with the argument that West is waging a “hybrid war on Russia” and that "the collective West will do everything to destabilize the situation along the Russian borders." [15]
The same social-patriotic spirit has driven the KPRF to put forward a parliamentary proposal to formally recognise the independence of Donbass “Republics”. One of the supporters of this bill, Alexander Borodai – a former Donetsk political leader who is now a lawmaker for the ruling, pro-Putin United Russia party – said that the separatists would look to Russia to help them wrest control of parts of the territory that are now held by Ukrainian forces. "In the event of (the republics) being recognised, a war will become a direct necessity." [16]
We shall conclude this chapter by pointing out the theoretical consequences of the Stalinists’ assertion that only the NATO states qualify as “imperialist” but not their rivals in the East. This position effectively reveals an adaption to revisionist theory of “Ultra-Imperialism”. This concept was elaborated by the German theoretician Karl Kautsky in 1914 – ironically at the beginning of World War I! According to this theory the economic laws of capitalism would push the bourgeoisie to overcome the stage of imperialism and to enter a stage called “ultra-imperialism.” Such epoch would be characterized by an increasing exploitation of the working class as well as of the colonial and semicolonial countries. At the same time, the imperialist powers would increasingly overcome their rivalry and unite in a single imperialist trust or alliance.
The historical experience of the past century has, of course, completely refuted this theory. The Great Powers fought each other in two World Wars which caused up to 100 million deaths. There was a period in which the rivalry between the imperialist powers receded to a certain degree (1948-91). But the reason for this was that the contradictions between these powers were superseded by their common antagonism to the Stalinist workers states. However, in the past one, two decades new Great Powers did emerge (Russia and China) and the inter-imperialist rivalry has become, once again, a key feature of the world situation.
The Stalinist idea that Russia and China would not constitute imperialist powers and all the (Western) imperialist states are united under the leadership of the U.S. is a kind of remake of the Kautskyian theory of “Ultra-Imperialism”. As Lenin once noted about this concept, “there is not a whit of Marxism in this urge to ignore the imperialism which is here.” [17] We refer readers interested to other works where we have dealt in detail with this question. [18]
[1] We refer readers to a special page on our website where all RCIT documents on the current NATO-Russia conflict are compiled: https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/compilation-of-documents-on-nato-russia-conflict/; our two key statements are: Neither NATO nor Russia! Down with all Imperialist Warmongers! No support for either imperialist camp or its proxies in the Ukraine and Donbass! Unite the workers and oppressed for an independent struggle for liberation! 25 January 2022, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/neither-nato-nor-russia-down-with-all-imperialist-warmongers/; The Current NATO-Russia Conflict and the Anti-Imperialist Tasks of Revolutionaries. Down with all Great Powers and their proxies! For an independent and socialist Ukraine! 29 January 2022, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/the-current-nato-russia-conflict-and-the-anti-imperialist-tasks-of-revolutionaries/. Most of our documents have been translated in several languages.
[2] Michael Pröbsting: Anti-Imperialism in the Age of Great Power Rivalry. The Factors behind the Accelerating Rivalry between the U.S., China, Russia, EU and Japan. A Critique of the Left’s Analysis and an Outline of the Marxist Perspective, RCIT Books, Vienna 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/anti-imperialism-in-the-age-of-great-power-rivalry/
[3] Call To Action: No War With Russia Over Ukraine, 29 January 2022, https://popularresistance.org/nowarwithrussia/?link_id=0&can_id=8adf930454a2e45589616230720f774d&source=email-us-peace-council-statement-the-escalating-crisis-in-ukraine-poses-an-imminent-threat-to-world-peace&email_referrer=email_1426203&email_subject=call-to-action-stop-the-war-with-russia-over-ukraine
[4] See e.g. Against NATO and Russian military escalation in Eastern Europe, Statement by the Executive Bureau of the Fourth International, 30 January 2022, https://internationalviewpoint.org/spip.php?article7503
[5] Communist Party of Ireland: The Irish establishment are collaborators in NATO military strategies, 26 January 2022, http://www.solidnet.org/article/CP-of-Ireland-The-Irish-establishment-are-collaborators-in-NATO-military-strategies/
[6] PCP: Communiqué of the Central Committee of the PCP of February 1, 2022, http://www.solidnet.org/article/Portuguese-CP-Communique-of-the-Central-Committee-of-the-PCP-of-February-1-2022/
[7] CP of Canada: Act now to stop the US-NATO drive to war with Russia! In: PEOPLE'S VOICE - Issue of February 1-14, 2022, http://www.solidnet.org/article/CP-of-Canada-PEOPLES-VOICE-Issue-of-February-1-14-2022/
[8] PPS (Mexico) Statement on Ukraine and Kazakhstan, 31.1.2022, http://www.solidnet.org/article/PPS-of-Mexico-Statement-on-Ukraine-and-Kazakhstan/
[9] The RCIT has published numerous documents about capitalism in China and its transformation into a Great Power. See on this e.g the following works of Michael Pröbsting: China: An Imperialist Power … Or Not Yet? A Theoretical Question with Very Practical Consequences! Continuing the Debate with Esteban Mercatante and the PTS/FT on China’s class character and consequences for the revolutionary strategy, 22 January 2022, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/china-imperialist-power-or-not-yet/; Chinese Imperialism and the World Economy, an essay published in the second edition of The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism (edited by Immanuel Ness and Zak Cope), Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2020, https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-319-91206-6_179-1; China‘s transformation into an imperialist power. A study of the economic, political and military aspects of China as a Great Power (2012), in: Revolutionary Communism No. 4, http://www.thecommunists.net/publications/revcom-number-4; China’s Emergence as an Imperialist Power (Article in the US journal 'New Politics'), in: “New Politics”, Summer 2014 (Vol:XV-1, Whole #: 57); How is it possible that some Marxists still Doubt that China has Become Capitalist? (A Critique of the PTS/FT), An analysis of the capitalist character of China’s State-Owned Enterprises and its political consequences, 18 September 2020, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/pts-ft-and-chinese-imperialism-2/; Unable to See the Wood for the Trees (PTS/FT and China). Eclectic empiricism and the failure of the PTS/FT to recognize the imperialist character of China, 13 August 2020, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/pts-ft-and-chinese-imperialism/.
[10] The RCIT has published numerous documents about capitalism in Russia and its rise to an imperialist power. See on this e.g. several pamphlets by Michael Pröbsting: The Peculiar Features of Russian Imperialism. A Study of Russia’s Monopolies, Capital Export and Super-Exploitation in the Light of Marxist Theory, 10 August 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/the-peculiar-features-of-russian-imperialism/; by the same author: Lenin’s Theory of Imperialism and the Rise of Russia as a Great Power. On the Understanding and Misunderstanding of Today’s Inter-Imperialist Rivalry in the Light of Lenin’s Theory of Imperialism. Another Reply to Our Critics Who Deny Russia’s Imperialist Character, August 2014, http://www.thecommunists.net/theory/imperialism-theory-and-russia/; Russia as a Great Imperialist Power. The formation of Russian Monopoly Capital and its Empire – A Reply to our Critics, 18 March 2014, in: Revolutionary Communism No. 21, http://www.thecommunists.net/theory/imperialist-russia/; Russian Imperialism and Its Monopolies, in: New Politics Vol. XVIII No. 4, Whole Number 72, Winter 2022, https://newpol.org/issue_post/russian-imperialism-and-its-monopolies/. See various other RCIT documents on this issue at a special sub-page on the RCIT’s website: https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/china-russia-as-imperialist-powers/.
[11] The RCIT has dealt on numerous occasions with the inter-imperialist rivalry of the Great Powers. See e.g. RCIT: World Perspectives 2021-22: Entering a Pre-Revolutionary Global Situation, 22 August 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/world-perspectives-2021-22/; see also our book by Michael Pröbsting: Anti-Imperialism in the Age of Great Power Rivalry. The Factors behind the Accelerating Rivalry between the U.S., China, Russia, EU and Japan. A Critique of the Left’s Analysis and an Outline of the Marxist Perspective, RCIT Books, Vienna 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/anti-imperialism-in-the-age-of-great-power-rivalry/; see also the following two pamphlets by the same author: “A Really Good Quarrel”. US-China Alaska Meeting: The Inter-Imperialist Cold War Continues, 23 March 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/us-china-alaska-meeting-shows-continuation-of-inter-imperialist-cold-war/; Servants of Two Masters. Stalinism and the New Cold War between Imperialist Great Powers in East and West, 10 July 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/servants-of-two-masters-stalinism-and-new-cold-war/; for more works on this issue see these sub-pages: https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/china-russia-as-imperialist-powers/ and https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/collection-of-articles-on-the-global-trade-war/.
[12] See the compilation of RCIT documents on the imperialist defeat in Afghanistan on a special sub-page on our webiste: https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/asia/collection-of-articles-on-us-defeat-in-afghanistan/. In particular we refer to two pamphlets by Michael Pröbsting: Afghanistan: Understanding (and Misunderstanding) the Taliban. Class Contradictions, Women’s Oppression and Anti-Imperialist Resistance, 10 September 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/afghanistan-class-contradictions-women-s-oppression-and-anti-imperialist-resistance/; Afghanistan and the Left: Closet Social-Imperialism. A critique of reformist and centrist forces which are outraged about the Taliban’s victory against the U.S. occupation in Afghanistan, 24 September 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/afghanistan-and-the-left-closet-social-imperialism/.
[13] See on this e.g. RCIT: The Coming Inter-Imperialist War on Taiwan. Revolutionary Defeatism against both Great Powers – the U.S. as well as China! 10 October 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/the-coming-inter-imperialist-war-on-taiwan/. See on this also chapter IV. “The Taiwan question in its historical and geostrategic context” in the above-mentioned pamphlet by Michael Pröbsting: China: An Imperialist Power … Or Not Yet?
[14] R Arun Kumar: Imperialist Designs in Ukraine, CPI(M), January 30, 2022, https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2022/0130_pd/imperialist-designs-ukraine
[15] For sources of the quotes see the article by Michael Pröbsting: The Popular Uprising in Kazakhstan and Putin’s Patriotic “Communists”. The Stalinist KPRF of Gennady Zyuganov supports the bloody crackdown of the protests and the imperialist intervention of Russian troops, 8 January 2022, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/asia/kazakhstan-and-putin-s-patriotic-communists
[16] See on this e.g. KPRF: Признаем республики ДНР и ЛНР - остановим войну на Донбассе! 2022-01-25, https://kprf.ru/party-live/opinion/208140.html; Maria Tsvetkova: Ukraine war necessary if Russia recognises breakaway regions - pro-Kremlin MP, Reuters, January 20, 2022 https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-war-necessary-if-russia-recognises-breakaway-regions-pro-kremlin-mp-2022-01-20/
[17] V.I.Lenin: Preface to N. Bukharin’s Pamphlet, Imperialism and the World Economy (1915), in: LCW Vol. 22, p. 106
[18] See e.g. our pamphlet by Michael Pröbsting: Lenin’s Theory of Imperialism and the Rise of Russia as a Great Power. On the Understanding and Misunderstanding of Today’s Inter-Imperialist Rivalry in the Light of Lenin’s Theory of Imperialism. Another Reply to Our Critics Who Deny Russia’s Imperialist Character, in: Revolutionary Communism No. 25, August 2014, http://www.thecommunists.net/theory/imperialism-theory-and-russia/
2. Is it relevant for Marxists who is the aggressor?
In our opinion, it would be a grave mistake to focus the debate on the question which Great Power is stronger or more aggressive. For Marxists, this is not the main issue. It is not decisive if the U.S. provoked the conflict by enlarging NATO in Eastern Europe or if Russia started the tensions by assembling 100,000 troops at the border to the Ukraine. Marxists never characterize a conflict by judging who started the aggression first. The Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, formulated such an approach very clearly in a resolution adopted at a conference in spring 1915 – a few months after the beginning of World War I.
„The question of which group dealt the first military blow or first declared war is immaterial in any determination of the tactics of socialists. Both sides’ phrases on the defence of the fatherland, resistance to enemy invasion, a war of defence, etc., are nothing but deception of the people.“ [1]
Likewise, it is not the decisive issue which power is stronger, and which is weaker. We do not side with the weaker robber against the stronger robber. We oppose all robbers! Lenin and Zinoviev – another leader of the Bolsheviks at that time – expressed such an approach in their well-known pamphlet “Socialism and War”, published a few months after the above-mentioned conference.
“But imagine a slave-holder who owns 100 slaves warring against another who owns 200 slaves, for a more “just” redistribution of slaves. The use of the term of a “defensive” war, or a war “for the defence of the fatherland”, would clearly be historically false in such a case and would in practice be sheer deception of the common people, philistines, and the ignorant, by the astute slave-holders. It is in this way that the peoples are being deceived with “national” ideology and the term of “defence of the fatherland”, by the present-day imperialist bourgeoisie, in the war now being waged between slave-holders with the purpose of consolidating slavery.” [2]
They took the example of the situation before 1914 when Britain (and France) were the imperialist powers with the largest possession of colonies. Compared with these, Germany was a weakling. Replace, Britain and France with the U.S. and its allies and Germany with China or Russia and you will see a very accurate characterization of the current world situation!
“From the standpoint of bourgeois justice and national freedom (or the right of nations to existence), Germany might be considered absolutely in the right as against Britain and France, for she has been “done out” of colonies, her enemies are oppressing an immeasurably far larger number of nations than she is, and the Slavs that are being oppressed by her ally, Austria, undoubtedly enjoy far more freedom than those of tsarist Russia, that veritable “prison of nations”. Germany, however, is fighting, not for the liberation of nations, but for their oppression. It is not the business of socialists to help the younger and stronger robber (Germany) to plunder the older and overgorged robbers. Socialists must take advantage of the struggle between the robbers to overthrow all of them.” [3]
In short, it is not decisive for socialists if the U.S. is larger or has been more aggressive in the past than Russia (or China). We oppose all Great Powers, and we must not support the challengers of the hegemonial powers in their efforts to replace these!
3. What is causing the escalation of tensions between Great Powers: the party of warmongers or the imperialist system?
A characteristic feature of the argumentation of the pro-Russian Stalinists is the fact that they do not locate the cause of the Great Power rivalry in the fundamental contradictions of the imperialist world system. They rather suggest that the danger of war is the result of irrational, militaristic intentions of some sectors of the ruling class in the U.S. If it were not for such reactionary groups, diplomatic negotiations and a peaceful solution would be entirely possible. Let us give an example by quoting from Peoples World, the publication of the Communist Party of the USA (CPUSA).
“Indications are that Russia’s bottom line in this conflict is stopping Ukraine from joining NATO, and it wants promises that the United States will never place offensive military weapons on its borders, particularly in Ukraine. Stationing such weapons there would cut off any possibility of diplomacy and likely leave the Russians feeling they have no choice but to intervene. If we were not dealing in the U.S. with a foreign policy establishment dominated by the Pentagon and the dangerous military-industrial complex, there would be more than enough grounds for pursuing diplomacy rather than war.” [4]
Such an explanation of the escalation of tensions is identical with the recent statements of the ex-Stalinist Party of the European Left on the NATO-Russia conflict which we analyzed in another article. [5] This alliance includes the LINKE (Germany), PCF (France), IU & PCE (Spain), SYRIZA (Greece) and other parties. Ironically enough, the Spanish parties of these alliance are part of the government, i.e. of the very government of a NATO member state which just sent warships to the Black Sea to confront Russia. To put it diplomatically, the unity of theory and practice is not a characteristic feature of Stalinism!
Such an approach which identifies certain parties or groups as responsible for the escalation of tensions instead of the fundamental antagonism between imperialist powers has nothing to do with Marxism. We have seen the policy of militarism, the reactionary war-mongering, the launching of wars many times in the past decades. Is has happened under conservative and “progressive” governments of capitalist powers and it has happened under U.S.-Administrations led by Republicans as well as by Democrats. Furthermore, it has happened with the participation of social democratic and green parties in governments – and even with the participation of “Communist” parties (e.g. the PCF was a government party when France participated in the NATO war against Yugoslavia 1999 and Afghanistan 2001). [6]
Claiming that imperialist warmongering is caused by “wrong” governments, by “bad-intentioned” groups of interests creates confusion among workers and peace activists. Such a myth provokes the illusion that if another party would come to power, peaceful development would be entirely possible within the capitalist system, i.e. that long-lasting peace could be established without the overthrow of the ruling class via a socialist revolution. However, the history of modern capitalism, i.e. of the past 120 years has demonstrated the opposite. Lenin and other communists emphasized this analysis numerous times.
“War is no chance happening, no “sin” as is thought by Christian priests (who are no whit behind the opportunists in preaching patriotism, humanity and peace), but an inevitable stage of capitalism, just as legitimate a form of the capitalist way of life as peace is.” [7]
“…sums up, as it were, modern monopolist capitalism on a world-wide scale. And this summary proves that imperialist wars are absolutely inevitable under such an economic system, as long as private property in the means of production exists.” [8]
„Under capitalism, particularly in its imperialist stage, wars are inevitable.“ [9]
As the Stalinists deny the inevitability of wars in capitalism, the preach a system of peaceful capitalism. In order to enable such a pacifist utopia, these parties build alliances with bourgeois parties (which supposedly oppose war-mongering) and try to enter capitalist governments. As we did show before, this does not work, unsurprisingly. As a result, Stalinist parties repeatedly did become supporters of imperialist wars.
4. Can socialists defend “legitimate spheres of influence” of Great Powers?
Stalinist parties continue such illusionary and treacherous policy of building alliances with bourgeois forces and joining capitalist governments also on a global level. Since, according to them, warmongering is not rooted in the fundamental contradictions of capitalism which accelerate in the current period of historical decay, a peaceful compromise between the Great Powers is entirely possible. As a basis for this, the Stalinists propose that the Great Powers should respect the spheres of imperialist domination of each other. Let us quote from another article published by the CPUSA.
“A deeper look at history and recent events reveals that it is the West, by pursuing a long-term policy of NATO aggression, that bears responsibility for the crisis now gripping eastern Europe. It is helpful to understand that all countries, the U.S. included, have core strategic interests that, if violated, can force them into taking military action and going to war. To understand the Russian view of NATO’s possible expansion and placement of weapons or troops in Ukraine—which multiple U.S. administrations, including the current one, have threatened—a simple thought experiment is useful. Since the declaration of the Monroe Doctrine, the U.S. has declared the entirety of the Western Hemisphere as a core strategic interest. It would never tolerate Russian or Chinese weapons being placed in countries directly on its border, such as Canada or Mexico. But a situation just like that is what Russia’s leaders fear. Russia cannot tolerate NATO weaponry (like the U.S.-managed nuclear weapons NATO has in Germany) to be stationed right along its borders in Ukraine. Missiles that can reach Moscow in five minutes or less are a definite no-no.” [10]
The logic of such argumentation is pretty clear. The CPUSA does not state its fundamental opposition against the Monroe Doctrine and any sphere of influence for U.S. imperialism. Instead, it calls the U.S. to restrain their expansionism to a certain degree and to allow Russia its own proper sphere of influence. So, in effect, the CPUSA supports the implementation of a Russian version of the Monroe Doctrine so that both – Washington as well as Moscow – can control their share of the world. This is the geopolitical version of the “Fair Trade” utopia – one could say this is the illusionary concept of “Fair Imperialism”.
As a matter of fact, Marxists have always opposed U.S. imperialism and its Monroe Doctrine. They are no less opposed to Russian imperialism and its Putin Doctrine.
The approach of the Stalinists is in fact identical with the strategic goals of Russian and Chinese imperialism. As the joint statement issued at the recent Putin-Xi meeting demonstrates, these two Great Powers advocate a new world order characterized by “genuine multipolarity” and “the democratization of international relations.” [11] The hegemony of the U.S. shall be replaced by the hegemony of several Great Powers – obviously with a prominent role for Beijing and Moscow. In other words, the Stalinists want to replace the imperialist world order of the period after the collapse of the USSR in 1991 with a kind of the imperialist world order which existed before 1914. (Some of them even make explicitly reference to this, as we will see below.)
Another reflection of such advocacy of a multilateral imperialist order is the repeated positive reference to the United Nations and its political principles. The UN has been founded by the victorious powers of World War II and Russia and China are veto-wielding states within the UN Security Council.
Such writes the Portuguese PCP: “We reaffirm the importance of developing the struggle against aggression and interference by imperialism, against the enlargement of NATO and for its dissolution, against the militarisation of the European Union, for peace and disarmament, in compliance with the principles of the United Nations Charter and the Final Act of the Helsinki Conference.” [12]
And the joint statement mentioned at the beginning of chapter 1 lists among its demands: “Obey international laws and the UN Charter” and “Resolve the current conflict within the United Nations Security Council.” [13]
Likewise, these forces also advocate – like the Putin regime – the implementation of the so-called Minsk II agreement – the diplomatic solutions negotiated by the three imperialist powers Russia, France and Germany plus the Ukraine. “The only way of the present impasse is to stick to the Minsk agreement signed between Russia, Ukraine, France and Germany. This agreement was unanimously endorsed by the UN Security Council and this includes the US also.” [14]
Such demands are absurd to the extreme. Socialists must not create any illusions in imperialist institutions like the UN. This is an institution dominated by Great Powers – mainly the veto-wielding states within the Security Council (U.S., China, Russia, France and Britain). UN institutions either implement the joint interests of these robbers respectively a compromise between them (e.g. sanctions against North Korea) or they adopt impotent resolutions which nobody cares to implement.
Socialists must not advocate replacing one form of imperialist order with another version of the same order. They must fight for the abolition of all Great Powers and its institutions (like the UN) and the creation of global socialist federation of workers and peasant republics.
[1] V. I. Lenin: The Conference of the R.S.D.L.P. Groups Abroad (1915); in LCW 21, p. 159
[2] V.I. Lenin: Socialism and War (1915); in: LCW 21, p. 301
[3] Ibid, p. 303
[4] John Wojcik: Who is invading whom? U.S. forces already in Eastern Europe, CPUSA, January 25, 2022, https://peoplesworld.org/article/who-is-invading-whom-u-s-forces-already-in-eastern-europe/
[5] Michael Pröbsting: NATO-Russia Conflict: The “Party of the European Left” as Government Adviser for EU Imperialism. Ex-Stalinist LINKE (Germany), PCF (France), IU & PCE (Spain), SYRIZA (Greece) etc. urge governments that “Europe must develop an independent geopolitical attitude”, 30 January 2022, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/nato-russia-conflict-the-party-of-the-european-left-as-government-adviser-for-eu-imperialism/
[6] See on this e.g. chapter 13 in our book by Michael Pröbsting: The Great Robbery of the South. Continuity and Changes in the Super-Exploitation of the Semi-Colonial World by Monopoly Capital Consequences for the Marxist Theory of Imperialism, RCIT Books, 2013, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/great-robbery-of-the-south/;
[7] V. I. Lenin: The Position and Tasks of the Socialist International (1914), in: LCW Vol. 21, pp. 39-40
[8] V. I. Lenin: Imperialism. The Highest Stage of Capitalism (1916) ; in: LCW Vol. 22, p. 190
[9] V. I. Lenin: The Conference of the R.S.D.L.P. Groups Abroad (1915); in LCW 21, p. 162
[10] John Wojcik: The West, not Russia, is responsible for the war danger in Ukraine, CPUSA, January 21, 2022, https://peoplesworld.org/article/the-west-not-russia-is-responsible-for-the-war-danger-in-ukraine/
[11] Joint Statement of the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China on the International Relations Entering a New Era and the Global Sustainable Development, 4 February 2022, http://en.kremlin.ru/supplement/5770. For a critical analysis of the Putin-Xi meeting see e.g. Michael Pröbsting: The Significance of the Putin-Xi Meeting. Russia and China close ranks against their imperialist rivals, 5 February 2022, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/significance-of-putin-xi-meeting/.
[12] PCP: Communiqué of the Central Committee of the PCP of February 1, 2022, http://www.solidnet.org/article/Portuguese-CP-Communique-of-the-Central-Committee-of-the-PCP-of-February-1-2022/
[13] Call To Action: No War With Russia Over Ukraine, 29 January 2022, https://popularresistance.org/nowarwithrussia/?link_id=0&can_id=8adf930454a2e45589616230720f774d&source=email-us-peace-council-statement-the-escalating-crisis-in-ukraine-poses-an-imminent-threat-to-world-peace&email_referrer=email_1426203&email_subject=call-to-action-stop-the-war-with-russia-over-ukraine
[14] R Arun Kumar: Imperialist Designs in Ukraine, CPI(M), January 30, 2022, https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2022/0130_pd/imperialist-designs-ukraine
5. Putin and Great Russian Chauvinism claim that the Ukraine is not an independent nation
Let us deal now with another issue which is no less important. The Stalinists’ support for Russian imperialism and its demands often goes hand in hand with propagating the viewpoint of Great Russian chauvinism concerning the Ukraine. As it is well known, Moscow has always denied the existence of a separate Ukrainian nation or claimed that it is “naturally” close to the Russian nation. In other words, the Ukrainians supposedly have no reason to oppose being part of "Russkij Mir" (the Russian world). [1]
Since many years, the Putin regime has effectively denied the right of the Ukrainian people to have their own, independent state. [2] In July 2021, President Putin published a long essay titled “On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians”. It is a kind of manifesto which has been translated and published by the Kremlin itself and which officially reflects the Russian Presidents’ views about the Ukraine. [3]
Basically, this essay presents the point of view of undisguised Great Russian chauvinism. Putin denies the existence of a Ukrainian nation. He claims that Russians and Ukrainians are “one people – a single whole”. Elsewhere, he suggests that the Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians would constitute a “single large nation, a triune nation”. His conclusion is that the Ukraine should enter close unity with Russia, i.e. become Moscow’s vasal. (“I am confident that true sovereignty of Ukraine is possible only in partnership with Russia.”).
In Putin’s view, the main culprit for Ukrainian separatism have been Lenin and the Bolsheviks. He particularly blames the Bolsheviks policy called Korenisazija (which means something like “building national roots”; the English version of Putin’s essay misleadingly translates this category as ”localization policy“ which robs it of the national element.) With this policy, the Bolsheviks enabled non-Russian people to freely develop their culture, language, literature, etc. [4] Later, Stalinism pushed backs these reforms and encouraged Great Russian chauvinism. For Putin, the Leninist nationality policy is evil.
“The localization policy undoubtedly played a major role in the development and consolidation of the Ukrainian culture, language and identity. At the same time, under the guise of combating the so-called Russian great-power chauvinism, Ukrainization was often imposed on those who did not see themselves as Ukrainians. This Soviet national policy secured at the state level the provision on three separate Slavic peoples: Russian, Ukrainian and Belorussian, instead of the large Russian nation, a triune people comprising Velikorussians, Malorussians and Belorussians.”
Similarly bad, in Putin’s view, was the Bolshevik’s policy of allowing nations the rights to freely determine their status, including the right to form a separate state. “In 1922, when the USSR was created, with the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic becoming one of its founders, a rather fierce debate among the Bolshevik leaders resulted in the implementation of Lenin's plan to form a union state as a federation of equal republics. The right for the republics to freely secede from the Union was included in the text of the Declaration on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and, subsequently, in the 1924 USSR Constitution. By doing so, the authors planted in the foundation of our statehood the most dangerous time bomb, which exploded the moment the safety mechanism provided by the leading role of the CPSU was gone, the party itself collapsing from within. A ”parade of sovereignties“ followed.”
Hence, the evil Bolsheviks “robbed us Russians”. “The Bolshevik leaders who were chopping the country into pieces was. We can disagree about minor details, background and logics behind certain decisions. One fact is crystal clear: Russia was robbed, indeed.”
These excerpts from Putin’s essay demonstrate clearly that the Kremlin does not consider Ukraine as a separate nation but rather as part of a Great Russian “triune nation”. Hence, the Ukrainians have no separate future since they can only be sovereign if they are very close to Russia, i.e. if they become part of the "Russkij Mir".
6. Stalinism versus Bolshevism: The Ukraine and the right of national self-determination
After all, one can agree with Putin on one thing: his policy is indeed diametrically opposed to the approach of Lenin! The Bolsheviks consistently fought against all forms of Great Russian chauvinism. They did not only recognize the existence of a separate Ukrainian nation but they also advocated its right of self-determination, including the right to form a separate state.
“We, the Great-Russian proletarians, who defend no privileges whatever, do not defend this privilege either. We are fighting on the ground of a definite state; we unite the workers of all nations living in this state; we cannot vouch for any particular path of national development, for we are marching to our class goal along all possible paths. However, we cannot move towards that goal unless we combat all nationalism, and uphold the equality of the various nations. Whether the Ukraine, for example, is destined to form an independent state is a matter that will be determined by a thousand unpredictable factors. Without attempting idle “guesses”, we firmly uphold something that is beyond doubt: the right of the Ukraine to form such a state. We respect this right; we do not uphold the privileges of Great Russians with regard to Ukrainians; we educate the masses in the spirit of recognition of that right, in the spirit of rejecting state privileges for any nation.” [5]
Hence, the Bolsheviks stated in their official program, adopted in 1919: “In order to remove mistrust felt on the part of the working-class masses of the oppressed countries towards the proletariat of those states which oppressed them, it is necessary to abolish all privileges of any national group, to proclaim the full equality of nations and to recognize the rights of colonies and dependent nations to state separation.” [6]
It is particularly shameful that various Stalinist parties do not only support the policy of Russian imperialism but even repeat its Great Russian ideology. Parroting the Kremlin propaganda, they claim that Ukrainians and Russian are very close, that there does not exist any history of national oppression and, consequently, there would be no reason for an independent existence of the Ukraine. Take the notorious KPRF led by Gennady Zyuganov. He published a remarkable appeal to the “fraternal people of Ukraine” in early February. [7]
This “appeal” reminds the Ukrainians to the long-standing historical closeness of the Russian and the Ukrainian people. The West, Zyuganov lectures the “ignorant brothers and sisters” always tried to divide us. “Our friendship has been attacked more than once. There was a time when the enemy had the guise of cunning Papal legates who were dragging southern Russian principalities into the Catholic fold.” Unfortunately, the “fraternal relations” were tested not only by the catholic Papal but also many other enemies. Of course, Zyuganov strongly denounces the “smokescreen of a ‘Moscow invasion’” provoked by “the world oligarchy” which “is stepping up its Anti-Russia project and is staging dangerous provocations.” It seems that there is such a massive smokescreen that the KPRF leader can not see the 100,000 Russian troops at the border to the Ukraine. At least, he fails to mention this not unimportant fact a single time in his long Open Letter!
Zyuganov also tries to win the sympathies of the Ukrainian “brothers and sisters” by reminding them to the glorious times when the Stalinist USSR still existed and the Ukrainians enjoyed the advantages of Moscow’s wisdom. “Wily brains dream of erasing form the consciousness of our people the fact that Soviet Ukraine was respected and loved in the Soviet Union. Its successes were rejoiced at. They added to the common heritage of a great and powerful country where citizens were not divided by nationality and language.” But why on earth did and do most Ukrainians insist on having their own independent state if live was so enjoyable in the Stalinist USSR? Why did the Ukraine (and many other states) choose to leave the USSR after 1991?! And if it would not have been for the Russian tanks, the Chechen people would also have their independent state by now. [8]
But why should the Stalinists bother about such historical facts?! And, anyway, if the ungrateful peoples forgot the benefits of being ruled by Russia, bad luck for them! He that will not hear must feel. Putin will show them the advantages of Moscow’s rule – if they like it or not!
It is therefor no accident that Zyuganov mentioned the independence of the Ukraine only twice in his Open Letter. Once as a plot of the Western states and, the second time, as a dangerous idea of the Nazi leader Arthur Rosenberg! Guess how much independence the Ukrainian people would be granted if the KPRF and their master Putin would have their way?!
But the KPRF is only the most explicit Great Russian chauvinist party. Their international allies basically share this approach. For example, the CPUSA writes: “It is also useful to keep in mind a bit of history regarding Ukraine and Russia. They have historically been closely linked. The Russian state began centuries ago in Kiev, the present-day capital of Ukraine, and in modern times, both were part of the Soviet Union. During those years, Ukraine had a higher standard of living than any of the other Soviet Republics, including Russia. Then and now, 40% or more of the population in Ukraine was and is Russian. The productive industrial part of Ukraine in the east is almost entirely Russian by language and ethnicity. Millions of families in the country are headed by parents of different ethnicities, one of whom is Ukrainian and the other Russian. Even Volodymyr Zelensky, the president of Ukraine today, was a well-known Russian-speaking comedian before he ran for that office. He started speaking Ukrainian, however, after he was elected. The short story is that there should be no ethnic basis for hostility between Ukraine and Russia.” [9]
One finds the same idea in articles of other Stalinist parties. The Indian CPI(M), for example, states: “Ukraine and Russia share common history and familial bonds.” [10] Let us note in passing that it is no accident that the CPI(M) itself has a long history of adapting to Indian chauvinism towards national and ethnic minorities on the sub-continent, resulting in the denial of the right of self-determination of these nationalities and the refusal to support the legitimate resistance of these oppressed peoples. [11]
These Stalinists fail to mention a single word about the fact that the Ukrainian nation was nationally oppressed by Russia for most of the time since the beginning of its existence until the dissolution if the USSR in 1991! The Ukraine was “close” to Russia because Russia forced it to be close by occupying and oppressing it!
Of course, one can not deny that there are bonds between the Ukraine and Russia. But, first, there exist also historical bonds between the Ukraine and Poland, Belorussia, Moldavia, with the Crimean Tatars, etc. All such bonds exist. The task of socialists is to oppose any nationalist prejudices between these nations and to intensify such bonds in order to advance the unity of people beyond national boundaries. But all such bonds must rest on voluntary agreement and not on pressure and force!
Secondly, and more important, the historical relationship of national oppression has made the Ukrainian people very sensitive to such offers of Russian “brotherhood”. The existence of a separate Ukrainian nation with its own language and culture was simply denied under the rule of Tsarism before 1917. All attempts of public expression of the Ukrainian nation were brutally suppressed. While the period of authentic Bolshevism after the October Revolution resulted in a spectacular period of flowering of Ukraine’s national development (see the above-mentioned policy of Korenisazija), it could not last long because the Stalinist bureaucracy took power in the 1920s. From then on, Moscow encouraged Great Russian chauvinism at the cost of smaller peoples – including the Ukrainians. [12]
A particularly traumatic experience was the Stalinist policy of forced collectivization since the end of the 1920s which had devastating consequences for poor peasants and, hence, for peoples for which agriculture played a central role. While the exact figures are under dispute, there is no doubt that several million people died during the Great Famine in 1932-33, including many Ukrainians. Leon Trotsky noted in “The Revolution Betrayed” – his most comprehensive work on Stalinism – that, in this period, the USSR “again became an arena of civil war, famine and epidemic”. [13] However, this time such catastrophe was not caused by foreign invaders and White counterrevolutionaries but by the Stalinist bureaucracy itself!
It is self-explaining that this has been a traumatic experience for the Ukrainian people. There exists a vast literature about this tragedy which also discusses the question if this famine was intended by Stalin in order to subjugate the Ukrainian people (the “Holodomor”). [14]
The Fourth International led by Leon Trotsky, which had its origins in the Left Opposition in the Communist Party against the Stalinist leadership from 1923 onwards, always opposed the nationality policy of the regime and defended the rights of the smaller peoples. In the late 1930s Trotsky concluded from the experience of national oppression of the Ukrainian people that socialists should advocate the slogan of “a united, free and independent workers’ and peasants’ Soviet Ukraine.”. Such a “workers’ and peasants’ Ukraine” had to be defended “in the struggle against imperialism on the one hand, and against Moscow Bonapartism on the other.” [15]
To come back to the current situation, given such historical experience, it is hardly surprising that the vast majority of the Ukrainian population emphatically rejects any form of Russian of occupation. According to recent polls, a third of Ukraine’s citizens would be willing to take up “armed resistance” in case of a Russian invasion! [16]
One can not criticize Putin for refusing the Bolshevik’s policy of national self-determination. He is no communist and does not even claim so. He is a class enemy and the imperialist gendarme of Eurasia. But what is the excuse of the Stalinists who call themselves “communists” standing in the tradition of Lenin?! Lenin used to say about Russian communists who failed to consistently oppose chauvinism: “Scratch some Communists and you will find Great Russian chauvinists.” [17] But in the case of modern-day Stalinism, it is not necessary to scratch at all in order to see their reactionary adaption to chauvinism!
Let us note in passing that, as we have pointed out in other works, the Ukraine is not an isolated case. It is a general feature of Stalinism that it adapts to the chauvinism of dominant nations. [18]
In summary, Stalinists adhere to the original principles of Lenin’s program as little as the corrupted bishops in the Middle Ages adhered to the teachings of the New Testament! Lenin’s denunciation fully fits to these epigones: “Russian Socialists who fail to demand freedom of secession for Finland, Poland, the Ukraine, etc., etc. – are behaving like chauvinists, like lackeys of the blood-and-mud-stained imperialist monarchies and the imperialist bourgeoisie.” [19]
[1] See on this e.g. chapter II in the pamphlet by Michael Pröbsting: The Uprising in East Ukraine and Russian Imperialism. An Analysis of Recent Developments in the Ukrainian Civil War and their Consequences for Revolutionary Tactics, 22. October 2014, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/ukraine-and-russian-imperialism/.
[2] Björn Alexander Düben: “There is no Ukraine”: Fact-Checking the Kremlin’s Version of Ukrainian History, 1.7.2020, https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lseih/2020/07/01/there-is-no-ukraine-fact-checking-the-kremlins-version-of-ukrainian-history/
[3] Article by Vladimir Putin ”On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians“, 12 July 2021, http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/66181.
[4] There exists a vast literature about the nationality policy in the early Soviet Union. The two best books are by Terry Martin: The Affirmative Action Empire. Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939, Cornell University Press, Ithaca 2001, and by Jeremy Smith: Red Nations: The Nationalities Experience in and after the USSR, Cambridge University Press, New York 2013; other informative books are by Richard Pipes: The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917–1923, Revised Edition, Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1997; Hélène Carrère d'Encausse: The Great Challenge. Nationalities and the Bolshevik State, 1917–1930. Holmes and Meier, New York 1992. See also our pamphlet by Yossi Schwartz: The National Question. The Marxist Approach to the Struggle of the Oppressed People, August 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/the-national-question/
[5] V.I. Lenin: The Right of Nations to Self-Determination (1914), in: LCW Vol. 20, p. 413
[6] Program of the RKP(b): adopted March 22, 1919 at the Eighth Congress of the Russian Communist Party; in: Robert H. McNeal and Richard Gregor: Resolutions and decisions of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Vol.2, The Early Soviet Period: 1917-1929, University of Toronto Press, Toronto 1974, p.61
[7] Gennady Zyuganov: To the fraternal people of Ukraine, KPRF, 7.2.2022 http://www.solidnet.org/article/CP-of-the-Russian-Federation-To-the-fraternal-people-of-Ukraine/
[8] See e.g. Where does the RCIT Stand on Russia's Occupation of Chechnya? https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/russia-and-chechnya/; Russian Troops Out! Self-determination for Chechnya!, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/freedom-for-chechnya/; see also Fight against Russian capitalism and imperialism at home and abroad! Provisional Platform of the Revolutionary Communists (Russian Federation), September 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/rcit/platform-of-rcit-russia/
[9] John Wojcik: The West, not Russia, is responsible for the war danger in Ukraine, CPUSA, January 21, 2022, https://peoplesworld.org/article/the-west-not-russia-is-responsible-for-the-war-danger-in-ukraine/
[10] R Arun Kumar: Imperialist Designs in Ukraine, CPI(M), January 30, 2022, https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2022/0130_pd/imperialist-designs-ukraine
[11] See on this e.g. a pamphlet by Michael Pröbsting: The Kashmir Question and the Indian Left Today. Marxism, Stalinism and centrism on the national liberation struggle of the Kashmiri people, 26 September 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/kashmir-question-and-indian-left-today/
[12] On the Stalinist policy in the Ukraine see e.g. George Liber: Soviet nationality policy, urban growth, and identity change in the Ukrainian SSR 1923-1934, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1992, pp. 145-174; see also: Serhy Yekelchyk: Stalin's Empire of Memory. Russian-Ukrainian Relations in the Soviet Historical Imagination, University of Toronto Press, Toronto 2004
[13] Leon Trotsky: The Revolution Betrayed. What Is the Soviet Union and Where Is It Going? (1936), Pathfinder Press, New York 1972, p. 190
[14] See e.g. Robert Conquest: The Harvest of Sorrow. Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine, Oxford University Press, New York 1986; Anne Applebaum: Red Famine: Stalin’s War on Ukraine, Penguin Randomhouse, New York 2017; Andrea Graziosi: The Soviet 1931-1933 Famines and the Ukrainian Holodomor: Is a New Interpretation Possible, and What Would Its Consequences, in: Harvard Ukrainian Studies, Vol. 27, No. 1/4 (2004-2005), pp. 97-115; for a Marxist discussion see e.g. the works of the late Wadim S. Rogowin, an excellent Trotskyist historian in Russia. See e.g. Wadim S. Rogowin: Stalins Kriegskommunismus, Mehring Verlag, Essen 2010, p. 377-383; see also Louis Proyect: Socialism Betrayed? Inside the Ukrainian Holodomor, February 24, 2017, http://www.counterpunch.org/2017/02/24/socialism-betrayed-inside-the-ukrainian-holodomor/
[15] Leon Trotsky: The Ukrainian Question (1939), in: Writings of Leon Trotsky, 1938-39, Pathfinder Press, New York 1974, p. 304 and 306; see also Trotsky’s follow-up article: Independence of the Ukraine and Sectarian Muddleheads (1939), in: Writings of Leon Trotsky, 1939-40, Pathfinder Press, New York 1973, pp. 44-54
[16] Dan Sabbagh: What would be Russia’s military options in Ukraine? 10 January 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/10/what-would-be-russia-military-options-in-ukraine-invasion
[17] V. I. Lenin: Speech Closing The Debate On The Party Programme, Eight Congress of the R.C.P.(B.) March 18-23, 1919, in: LCW Vol. 29, p. 194, https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1919/rcp8th/04.htm
[18] See e.g. Michael Pröbsting: Stalinists Support Serbian Expansionism against Kosovo Albanians. Another Example of the Flirt of Stalinist Parties with the Plague of Arch-Reactionary Chauvinism, 13 December 2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/stalinists-support-serbian-expansionism-against-kosovo-albanians/; by the same author: Stalinist Chauvinism: The Example of the Greek KKE. Is “Defending the Sovereign Rights of Greece” against Turkey and Macedonia Legitimate? Marxist Internationalism versus Bourgeois Social-Chauvinism, 12 November 2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/the-greek-kke-and-stalinist-chauvinism/; see also the above-mentioned writings on Indian Stalinism and its approach to the country’s national minorities. One can also see the same chauvinist arrogance in the Stalinists’ support for the Han-chauvinist policy of the Chinese regime against Muslim Uyghur and other oppressed peoples.
[19] V.I. Lenin: The Socialist Revolution and the Right of Nations to Self-Determination (1916), in: LCW Vol. 22, p. 154
7. From Kazakhstan to Syria: Stalinism is siding with the counterrevolution
The support of Stalinist parties for Russian imperialism can not be simply explained as a result of nostalgic memories about the “glorious” times of the USSR when it was still a superpower. It rather reflects a broad agreement of these parties with the agenda of building up an alternative imperialist order in which American hegemony is replaced with a “multipolar order” with Russia and China playing a decisive role.
As a result, these Stalinist parties do not only support the efforts of Beijing and Moscow in countering Washington’s foreign policy. They also support Russia’s (and China’s) drive to expand their influence by supporting reactionary dictatorships which brutally suppress popular uprisings in their countries. The counterrevolutionary position of the Russian KPRF and its Stalinist allies against the popular uprising in Kazakhstan is only the most recent example. [1] As we did show somewhere else, many Stalinists smear the recent rebellion of the workers and poor against the authoritarian-capitalist regime of Tokayev as a “CIA-directed color revolution”. Consequently, these Stalinists supported the deployment of Russian troops which ensured – hand in hand with the regime thugs – a bloody crackdown of the uprising, leaving hundreds of people dead and up to 8,000 arrested. [2]
The CPI(M) is another one of these reactionary Stalinist parties which unconditionally supports the Putin/ Tokayev counterrevolution in Kazakhstan. “Without learning any lessons from its interventionist attitude and continuing with its belligerent policies, the US is now trying to poke its nose in another Central Asian country, Kazakhstan. The reason is once again the same as in Ukraine – to instill a pro-US government in that country, which shares long borders with both Russia and China – and destabilise the entire region. The developments in Ukraine and Kazakhstan reflect the attempts of the US to impose its hegemony over the entire world. It is intolerable to the rise of any other country, particularly that of China and Russia. It is attempting to come out of the deep crises that engulfs the US by using its military might on other countries. History has proved that such attempts would never succeed. The US and its imperialist allies should once again be taught the same lesson. This is essential for the survival of humanity and world peace.” [3]
The recent statement of the Irish Stalinists reflects that Putin’s poodles oppose popular mass movements in many other countries as well. Named statement accused the West that it “continually misrepresented the vast majority of the Syrian rebels as anything other than extreme Islamic jihadis; engaged in nonstop regular and often successful attempts at funding (to the tune of billions of dollars) and organising colour revolutions against governments that attempt to preserve some degree of sovereignty, to wit Venezuela, Belarus, Ukraine, Hong Kong, and Nicaragua.“ [4]
And the Portuguese Stalinists express the same counterrevolutionary position in their above-mentioned statement: “The Central Committee of the PCP expresses its solidarity and values the resistance of Syria and its people.” [5]
We reemphasize our conclusion elaborated in several RCIT documents that siding with the Assad tyranny or other reactionary dictatorships exposes the thoroughly counterrevolutionary nature of Stalinism once more. [6]
8. Is Russian imperialism a “force of social progress”? Discussion of a remarkable Stalinist document
We want to conclude our essay by discussing an interesting article which has been published by the Workers’ Party of Ireland. This document is remarkable because it puts the theoretical conclusions of Stalinist social-imperialism much more clearly than its comrades usually do. We will quote extensively from this document in order to present its logic as complete as possible. [7]
Basically, the Irish Stalinists create a certain historic continuity between the Stalinist USSR – which was a degenerated workers state where a bureaucratic dictatorship ruled over a planned economy [8] - and imperialist Russia today. While they admit that Russia is no longer socialist at all, they consider it nevertheless as a “force of social progress”.
“Of course, the renewed Russia was and remains a far cry from the USSR of old. Geographically and demographically it is much reduced. It retains, albeit in a much more tamed fashion, some of the oligarchic economic structure that mushroomed in the 1990s. It lacks, therefore, the ideological orientation of the USSR and pushes a much more modest agenda internationally, as well as domestically. Be that as it may, the mere fact that Russia is insisting on maintaining its de facto independence from the US Empire, itself the spearhead of a global capitalism that relegates all collective identities of class and nation to the scrap heap of history, constitutes an ideological opposition, limited though it is in comparison to the USSR.
Socialism requires state action to push forward. States which surrender their sovereignty to the American imperium or even just exist in a relationship of dependency to multinational corporations are not and cannot be vehicles for socialism. As such the existence of states such as Cuba, Venezuela, Syria, and Russia, despite their significant differences, and in some cases regrettable abandonment of socialism, remain essential bearers of the possibility of constructing a future that is not suffocated by the US led capitalist order.
This perspective does not entail any illusions about Russia or its government. They have made clear that they do not wish to resurrect the USSR and in fact they have consistently impeded the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, which continues to have a mass following within Russia itself. The question at hand, however, is not the domestic politics of Russia but the necessity to avoid a bloody conflict in such a way that does not involve Russia’s submission to the US Empire. In this regard the Communist Party of the Russian Federation are no less patriotic and it takes little effort to recall that it was the Red Army that defended not only the October Revolution but also the very existence of the Russian and other nations within the Soviet Union.”
“Russia may no longer be socialist and its present defensive orientation internationally may be a result of weakness of position rather than any definitive commitment to abstract moral ideals, but nevertheless it is the USA that has been rampaging around the world for decades now; it is the USA that is expanding its military reach to the border of Russia and not vice versa; it is the US that funds and arms Neo-Nazi and Jihadi militias. One does not have to view the Russians as innocent choir boys to be able to discern the reality of US imperialism and how it renders the foreign policy of Russia as mild and sensible by way of comparison.”
“Indeed, once again, the Russian Federation is not the USSR, and has no inherent ideological reservations about partnering with the USA and NATO. Its error is that it wishes to do so on the basis of equality whereas the United States expects submission. For a long time the Russians have attempted to forge a relationship with the United States, but now, with the advent of the complete incorporation of Ukraine into the US military sphere it calculates that it will not be able to remain sovereign into the medium term if its security is so directly weakened.”
There is no purpose to repeat our arguments that the idea of a still existing absolute hegemony of U.S. imperialism belongs to the realm of Stalinist phantasy and has nothing to do with the universe in which present-day humanity is living. We rather want to point out the logic (or lack of it) presented in these paragraphs.
The Stalinists feel obligated to admit that “Russia may no longer be socialist”. A bold statement, congratulations! So, what is it? Might it be too much to say Russia has become “capitalist”? One can see that the Stalinists are aware of this fact but try to skirt it. This is all the more astonishing as it is well-known that Russia’s economy is dominated by a small number of domestic monopolies connected with a thin layer of big capitalists.
As we have demonstrated in our studies on Russian imperialism, its economy is dominated by powerful domestic corporations. Several years ago, a report revealed that the thirty-two largest Russian monopolies control almost 51% in Russia’s GDP. [9] A recently published study shows that Russia’s richest 1% of the population has accumulated a higher share of income and wealth than their colleges in the old imperialist countries like Britain or the U.S. managed to do. (See Table 1)
Table 1. Concentration of Income and Wealth in Russia, UK and the U.S. (2021) [10]
Income Wealth
Share of total (%)
Russia
Top 10% 46.4% 74.1%
Top 1% 21.5% 47.7%
UK
Top 10% 35.7% 57.1%
Top 1% 12.7% 21.3%
U.S.
Top 10% 45.5% 70.7%
Top 1% 18.8% 34.9%
Of course, it is understandable that the Stalinists want to avoid the issue of Russia’s class character because if they would have to admit that Russia is capitalist, that it is strong enough to remain independent “from the US Empire”, they would have difficulties to explain why Russia should not be characterized as an imperialist power (albeit weaker than the U.S.).
By avoiding this uncomfortable truth, the Irish Stalinists manage to present Russia not only as a challenger of the U.S. but also as an “ideological opposition” to “global capitalism”! This sounds definitely much better than saying that Moscow represents the interests of Russian monopolies which rival with their American counterparts for spheres of influence!
However, the Stalinist authors of this remarkable document sense the truth that the current situation is not one in which two different socio-economic system confront each other. It even enters their minds that the present acceleration of rivalry between the Great Powers mirrors the situation before 1914, i.e. before World War I.
“The present crisis has echoes of the pre-1914 era; a long period of peace is undermined by constant manifestations of crises, each one rendering the possibility of war a bit more likely. The Anglo-American hegemonic powers are wary of rising industrial rivals; Germany then, China now and tempted to strike before they can attain the full measure of their strength.
However, many fundamental differences have emerged since 1914, not least the possibility of a terminal nuclear conflict which serves to reduce — but not eliminate — the possibility of escalation to a generalised world war. The other major departure is the accomplished industrialisation of Russia and China and the concomitant setting of the peasant question through a process of urbanisation and proletarianisation. Both historic states were extremely vulnerable to revolution in the 1914 period because their state form — remnants of a pre-capitalist mode of production — had been brought into contradiction with realities of industrial capitalism and the social relations it engendered. This is not the case today.”
One can discuss if it is true that Russia and China are not “vulnerable to revolution” today. But, basically, the Irish Stalinists are correct in this historical comparison. However, it is all the more astonishing that it does not enter their mind that Marxists characterized the rivalry between the Great Powers in 1914, and the years before, as conflicts between imperialist states! Did they forget that Lenin and the Bolsheviks denounced any support for one of the two imperialist camps?! As we did show above, Marxists at that time were fully aware that the Great Powers were not “equal”, that one camp (Britain and France) had much larger colonial possessions than the other (Germany). But no authentic Marxist at that time did arrive at the conclusion to side with Germany against “the British Empire”! The fact that the Stalinists recognize the similarity of the current situation with that which existed before 1914 demonstrates both their historical insight as well as their contempt for the internationalist and antiimperialist principles of Marxism!
Finally, there is also another characteristic conclusion in this remarkable document which deserves attention. Again, one has to admire the authors’ drive to develop their logic to the end as it helps to reveal openly the reactionary nature of Stalinism.
“The reassertion of state power vis-á-vis capital, even by a non-working class government would be in itself an improvement in the objective conditions for socialists. The specific step required is for the United States to suffer a major setback such that it can no longer operate as the gendarme for the western bourgeoisie. While the USA seems to be working towards internal collapse, a significant military setback would serve to accelerate the reduction of their domination abroad and create space for the reassertion of state power more broadly. (…) It is in this narrow assertion of state sovereignty that Russia, despite its fall from the USSR, can yet serve as an agent of social progress.”
So, the “reassertion of state power” by a “non-working class government” would improve “the objective conditions for socialists”. What could be such a “non-working class government”? Obviously, the Stalinists have in mind the kind of government which, in their opinion, is currently challenging the “US Empire”. In other words, they have in mind a government like the Putin regime. Remember, they don’t characterize this regime, or Russia itself, as “capitalist” in their document – not a single time despite the considerable length of more than 2,300 words!
In the end, such advocacy of the Putin-type regime as a step forward lies within the logic of Stalinism. In the 1930s, the Stalinists advocated the notorious “popular front” policy – an alliance which they concluded with capitalist parties. Such governments were also “non-working class government” which supposedly improved “the objective conditions for socialists”. As a matter of fact, such “popular front” governments saved the rule of the bourgeoise in critical situation and always resulted in the defeat of the working class (e.g. Spain and France 1936-39). Usually, the Stalinists were kicked out of such governments after they had lost their usefulness for the capitalist class (e.g. in France, Italy and Austria in 1947).
Based on such a political method of class collaboration, Stalinism also did look for alliances with imperialist powers. In the 1930s, Moscow and its international lackeys advocated an alliance Britain, France and the US against Nazi-Germany. For this purpose, they rarely referred to these powers as “imperialist”. When Moscow’s foreign policy interests changed, the whole hypocritical ideology was turned on its head. Between 1939 and 1941, during the period of the Hitler-Stalin Pact, the Stalinists’ fire was focused on “plutocratic” Western imperialism, while “peace-loving” Nazi-Germany was treated much more cautiously. [11] Not only this, but Moscow also even handed over a number of German and Austrian communists to the Gestapo. [12] In that period, Stalinism denounced Britain and France as “brutal colonial masters” oppressing the peoples in Asia and Africa. Of course, when the Nazis invaded the USSR in June 1941 – to the complete surprise of Stalin and Molotov – everything changed again. Britain and France were no longer considered as oppressive imperialists but rather as democratic antifascist allies. The allies changed but the Stalinist’s method of political hypocrisy and unprincipled maneuvers with imperialist powers remained the same!
The document of the Workers’ Party of Ireland demonstrates that Stalinism continues to operate with the very same methods from the 1930s and 1940s applied to the present-day conditions. The names and states change- instead of Roosevelt, Churchill and Hitler it is Putin (and Xi) who help improving “the objective conditions for socialists”. The Stalinist logic is both remarkable and disgusting: anti-imperialism is replaced by unconcealed social-imperialism and Russian imperialism serves as “an agent of social progress”!
As we said before, the Irish document is more explicit in articulating the logic of Stalinism. But, in the end, it is representative for the approach of most Stalinist parties. The following quote from the above-mentioned document of the Indian CPI(M) demonstrates this clearly. “The other concern for imperialism to strongly ensure Ukraine remains in its fold is the strategic location. Russia wants to form an alliance of Eurasian countries and having Ukraine in such an alliance will definitely increase its economic power. Most of these countries share friendly relations with both Russia and China. Ukraine joining such an alliance or maintaining friendly relations with such countries would not only strengthen Russia and China, but also means that imperialism will completely lose their foothold. Given the setback received in Afghanistan, this would mean another major blow to their hegemonic designs. The US is not ready to accept this changing reality.“ [13]
We see, Putin has many poodles around the world!
[1] The RCIT has published several documents on the popular uprising in Kazakhstan. They are all compiled at a special page on our website: https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/asia/compilation-of-articles-on-the-popular-uprising-in-kazakhstan/.
[2] See on this the above-mentioned article by Michael Pröbsting: The Popular Uprising in Kazakhstan and Putin’s Patriotic “Communists”; by the same author: Kazakh Uprising and Stalinism: Marital Row or Serious Divisions? The revolutionary events in Kazakhstan and Russia’s military intervention provoke deep divisions between various Communist Parties, 12 January 2022, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/asia/kazakh-uprising-and-stalinism-marital-row-or-serious-divisions/
[3] R Arun Kumar: Imperialist Designs in Ukraine, CPI(M), January 30, 2022, https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2022/0130_pd/imperialist-designs-ukraine
[4] Workers’ Party of Ireland: The recent increase in tension in Eastern Europe and the potential for catastrophic conflict, 26.01.2022, http://www.solidnet.org/article/WP-of-Ireland-WPI-Statement-on-Ukraine/
[5] PCP: Communiqué of the Central Committee of the PCP of February 1, 2022, http://www.solidnet.org/article/Portuguese-CP-Communique-of-the-Central-Committee-of-the-PCP-of-February-1-2022/
[6] See on this e.g. the pamphlet by Michael Pröbsting: Syria and Great Power Rivalry: The Failure of the „Left“. The bleeding Syrian Revolution and the recent Escalation of Inter-Imperialist Rivalry between the US and Russia – A Marxist Critique of Social Democracy, Stalinism and Centrism, 21 April 2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/syria-great-power-rivalry-and-the-failure-of-the-left/; by the same author: Stalinism: Assad’s Best Friends Forever. A commentary on a joint international initiative of Stalinist parties, 3 July 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/stalinism-is-assad-s-best-friends-forever/
[7] Workers’ Party of Ireland: The recent increase in tension in Eastern Europe and the potential for catastrophic conflict, 26.01.2022, http://www.solidnet.org/article/WP-of-Ireland-WPI-Statement-on-Ukraine/
[8] For our analysis of Stalinism see e.g. the book published by our predecessor organization League for the Revolutionary Communist International: The Degenerated Revolution: The Origin and Nature of the Stalinist States, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/stalinism-and-the-degeneration-of-the-revolution/; see also Chapter II in Michael Pröbsting: Cuba’s Revolution Sold Out? The Road from Revolution to the Restoration of Capitalism, August 2013, RCIT Books, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/cuba-s-revolution-sold-out/
[9] Who Owns Russia: 32 Largest Business Groups Make 51% of GDP, Emerging Markets Venue, July 12, 2010, http://www.emergingmarketsvenue.com/2010/07/12/russian_business_groups/
[10] World Inequality Report 2022. Coordinated by Lucas Chancel, Thomas Piketty, Emmanuel Saez, Gabriel Zucman, World Inequality Lab, wir2022.wid.world, p. 215, 223 and 225
[11] A number of books have been published about the Stalinist policy in the period of the Hitler-Stalin Pact. A number of documents have been published in Raymond James Sontag and James Stuart Beddie (Ed.): Nazi-Soviet Relations, 1939-1941. Documents from the Archives of the German Foreign Office, Department of State, 1948. Many documents of the Stalinist parties in this period have become public only after 1989. Many of them have been collected in the German-language book: Bernhard H. Bayerlein. Der Verräter, Stalin, bist Du! Vom Ende der linken Solidarität 1939-1941. Komintern und kommunistische Parteien im Zweiten Weltkrieg, Aufbau Verlag, Berlin 2009; another documentation is: J.W.Brügel: Stalin und Hitler. Europaverlag, Wien 1973. See also: Bisovsky, Gerhard, Hans Schafranek und Robert Streibel (Ed.): Der Hitler-Stalin-Pakt, Verlag: Picus Verlag;, 1990.
[12] See e.g. Margarete Buber-Neumann: Als Gefangene bei Stalin und Hitler, Seewald Verlag, Stuttgart 1985
[13] R Arun Kumar: Imperialist Designs in Ukraine, CPI(M), January 30, 2022, https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2022/0130_pd/imperialist-designs-ukraine
9. Stalinism and social-imperialism: concluding remarks
As we just explained, Stalinism (like reformism in general) has always looked for a strategic alliance with one sector of the bourgeoisie against another. This was true both on the national as well as on the international terrain. In contrast, authentic Trotskyism always strives to rally the working class and the oppressed, nationally and internationally, against all sectors of the bourgeoisie and against all Great Powers.
However, as we pointed out elsewhere, there is an important difference to the current situation. In the past, Stalinist parties justified their collaboration with one sector of the bourgeoisie or with one imperialist camp against the other, by arguing that this would help defending the “socialist” states (USSR, China, Eastern Europe, Vietnam, North Korea, Cuba, etc.). As a result, they were pro-capitalist and pro-imperialist pseudo-socialists in the service of the ruling Stalinist bureaucracy of degenerated workers states.
However, this is different to the present situation since today no “socialist” state, i.e. degenerated workers state, exists any more. True, a number of Stalinist parties still claim that China would be “socialist”. This is, of course, utter nonsense. But, irrespective of this fact, even in their own words, the Stalinists apply their method to different conditions today. As we demonstrated in this essay, they advocate also the support of powers like Russia which, even in their own analysis, have noting to do with “socialism”.
Hence, in the past, the Stalinist parties where direct agents of the bureaucratic caste of degenerated workers states and, as such, supported this or that faction of the bourgeoisie or imperialist camp. Today, these Stalinists serve directly a faction of the ruling class respectively one camp of the imperialist states in their struggle against rivals.
Therefore, this kind of social-imperialism takes the form of bourgeois geopoliticism. We say bourgeois geopoliticism because it means defining the world situation and the tasks of the struggle not from the point of view of the international class struggle to advance the cause of the working class and the oppressed peoples but rather from the point of view of reordering the world to the disadvantage of the old Great Powers (U.S., EU and Japan) and to the advantage of the new Great Powers (China and Russia).
As a side note, one can say, that bourgeois geopoliticism is the bastard child of the classic Stalinist theory of “socialism in one country”. It deletes “socialism” and is satisfied with some kind of “capitalism in one country”. [1]
In contrast to such vulgar social-imperialism, the task of authentic socialists is to fight against all Great Powers and to support all liberation struggles of the workers and oppressed against all imperialist powers. [2] Those reformist parties which support one or the other Great Power, which support the suppression of this or that popular uprisings, such parties are enemies of the people! Socialists must fight against their influence in the working class.
In order to advance the struggle against the Great Powers and their social-imperialist servants within the workers and popular mass organizations, authentic revolutionary forces need to unite and strengthen their forces. Ture, this is a difficult task since revolutionaries constitute a small minority today. The creation of a new World Party of Socialist Revolution requires a long process of building roots among the masses, education of cadres, practical tests, etc. But recognizing the difficulties and weaknesses is no reason to despair but rather to consciously tackle the existing problems and to energetically going to work!
Today the RCIT is a pre-party organization committed to build such a world party. We are still a small organization but in the course of the past decade we have managed to build an international organization with sections and activists in more than a dozen countries on all continents. We reach out to all revolutionary organizations and activists around the world who agree with us on the most important issues of the global class struggle. Let us join forces in building a Revolutionary World Party! Let us build a joint international organization which fights against all Great Powers – both in East and West – and which supports all liberation struggles of the workers and oppressed peoples against any Great Power or its reactionary lackey.
[1] See on this e.g. Leon Trotsky: The Permanent Revolution (1929), Pathfinder Press, New York 1969.
[2] See e.g. RCIT: Theses on Revolutionary Defeatism in Imperialist States, 8 September 2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/theses-on-revolutionary-defeatism-in-imperialist-states/
Die pro-russischen stalinistischen Parteien und ihre Argumente im aktuellen NATO-Russland-Konflikt
Ein Essay von Michael Pröbsting, Internationaler Sekretär der Revolutionär-Kommunistischen Internationalen Tendenz (RCIT), 9. Februar 2022
INHALT
Einführung
1. Die NATO ist der einzige Aggressor! Wirklich?
2. Ist es für Marxisten relevant, wer der Aggressor ist?
3. Was ist die Ursache für die Eskalation der Spannungen zwischen den Großmächten: die Partei der Kriegshetzer oder das imperialistische System?
4. Können Sozialisten "legitime Einflusssphären" von Großmächten verteidigen?
5. Putin und der großrussische Chauvinismus behaupten, die Ukraine sei keine unabhängige Nation
6. Stalinismus versus Bolschewismus: Die Ukraine und das nationale Selbstbestimmungsrecht
7. Von Kasachstan bis Syrien: Der Stalinismus schlägt sich auf die Seite der Konterrevolution
8. Ist der russische Imperialismus eine "Kraft des gesellschaftlichen Fortschritts"? Diskussion über ein bemerkenswertes stalinistisches Dokument
9. Stalinismus und Sozialimperialismus: Schlussbemerkungen
Einführung
Die derzeitige Eskalation der Spannungen zwischen der NATO und Russland ist die (bisher) schärfste Ausprägung der Rivalität der Großmächte, die im letzten Jahrzehnt zu einem zentralen Merkmal der Weltpolitik wurde. Zum ersten Mal hat diese Rivalität die Gefahr eines Krieges zwischen diesen Großmächten bzw. ihren Stellvertretern in der Ukraine heraufbeschworen.
Wie wir in einer Reihe von Dokumenten dargelegt haben, charakterisiert die Revolutionär-Kommunistische Internationale Tendenz (RCIT) beide Lager - sowohl die NATO als auch Russland - als imperialistisch. Wir betrachten daher den Konflikt zwischen diesen Mächten - bzw. zwischen ihren Stellvertretern in der Ukraine - als durch und durch reaktionär. Folglich müssen sich Sozialisten gegen beide Seiten in diesem Konflikt stellen. Sie müssen für ein Programm des revolutionären Defätismus eintreten, d.h. auf die Niederlage der jeweiligen Regierungen und die Umwandlung dieses Konflikts in eine revolutionäre Krise im eigenen Land hinarbeiten. [1]
Es liegt auf der Hand, dass ist ein solches Ereignis einen wichtigen Test für alle politischen Strömungen darstellt. Große Krisen in der Weltpolitik zwingen jene, die sich als Sozialisten verstehen, ihre Analyse zu klären, ihr Verständnis für die notwendige Orientierung zu vertiefen und ihre taktischen Losungen zu schärfen. Mit anderen Worten, die Verschärfung der Widersprüche zwischen den Klassen und Staaten lässt keinen Raum für Zweideutigkeiten und Ausflüchte. Daher bringen solche Krisen das wahre Wesen der politischen Tendenzen ans Licht.
Dieses Gesetz der Politik ist organisch mit einer anderen Erscheinung verbunden. Die Beschleunigung der Rivalität zwischen den Großmächten ist letztlich in der strukturellen Krise des Kapitalismus und der daraus resultierenden Verschärfung der Widersprüche zwischen den Klassen und Staaten verwurzelt. Eine solche Entwicklung führt zwangsläufig auch zu einer Verschärfung der Widersprüche zwischen den politischen Kräften, die die Interessen der miteinander kämpfenden Klassen (bzw. deren Fraktionen) vertreten. Daher vertiefen Krisen wie die aktuelle Eskalation der Spannungen zwischen der NATO und Russland unweigerlich auch den Gegensatz zwischen Marxismus und Opportunismus.
In unseren Artikeln haben wir die Positionen verschiedener stalinistischer, sozialdemokratischer und zentristischer Parteien in der aktuellen Krise analysiert und kritisiert. An dieser Stelle wollen wir uns näher mit jenen stalinistischen Parteien befassen, die sich explizit auf eine Seite schlagen, indem sie das Lager des russischen Imperialismus unterstützen. Eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit ihren Argumenten ist auch deshalb sinnvoll, weil man ihre Ideen - explizit oder implizit - in Erklärungen anderer opportunistischer Kräfte wiederfinden kann.
Bevor wir mit der Untersuchung beginnen, möchten wir die Leser auf Folgendes aufmerksam machen. In diesem Aufsatz erörtern wir die Argumente einer Reihe von stalinistischen Parteien zum NATO-Russland-Konflikt. Während wir unsere Gegenargumente erläutern, verzichten wir darauf, unsere politische, wirtschaftliche und militärische Analyse der Großmächte in allen Einzelheiten darzulegen. Wir haben dies ausführlich in unserem Buch Anti-Imperialism in the Age of Great Power Rivalry [2] und in mehreren Broschüren ausführlich getan und verweisen daher die Leser darauf, Fakten und Zahlen in den bibliographischen Angaben zu suchen, die in den jeweiligen Fußnoten angeführt sind.
1. Die NATO ist der einzige Aggressor! Wirklich?
Ein gemeinsames Thema der stalinistischen Parteien, die auf der Seite des russischen Imperialismus stehen, ist die Behauptung, dass der US-Imperialismus bzw. die NATO die alleinig Verantwortlichen für die derzeitige Eskalation der Spannungen seien. Im Gegensatz dazu betrachten sie Russland als eine Partei ohne Expansionsbestrebungen, die sich lediglich gegen die westliche Aggression verteidigt.
Hierfür einige Beispiele. Ein breites Bündnis stalinistischer, halb-stalinistischer und kleinbürgerlicher pazifistischer Kräfte hat vor einigen Tagen eine gemeinsame Erklärung abgegeben, in der behauptet wird, dass nur die USA (und ihre Verbündeten) als Aggressor auftreten.
"Wieder einmal steht unsere Welt vor der unmittelbaren Gefahr eines Krieges zwischen zwei großen Atommächten. Wie in der Vergangenheit benutzen die Vereinigten Staaten die Nordatlantikvertrags-Organisation (NATO) als Vehikel, um Krieg zu führen, und verstoßen damit eindeutig gegen das Völkerrecht und die Charta der Vereinten Nationen. Die Regierung Biden fliegt derzeit Waffen und andere "tödliche Hilfsgüter" im Wert von 200 Millionen Dollar in die Ukraine und hält 8.500 US-Soldaten in Bereitschaft, um in das Land einzumarschieren. „Nicht-essentielles" diplomatisches Personal der USA und ihre Familien werden aus dem Land abgezogen. Die Konzernmedien stellen Russland im Gleichschritt als Feind dar, der im Begriff ist, in die Ukraine einzumarschieren. Diese Maßnahmen stellen de facto eine Kriegserklärung dar, während die Konzernmedien die Flamme des Krieges anfachen. Die derzeitige Eskalation der Aggression gegen Russland durch die Ausweitung der NATO-Präsenz in der Ukraine ist eine ernste Bedrohung für den Weltfrieden und erfordert eine einheitliche und schnelle Reaktion der Antikriegsorganisationen, um einen großen Krieg zu verhindern." [3]
Interessanterweise wurde diese Erklärung nicht nur von verschiedenen (halb-)stalinistischen Kräften wie der Workers World Party, der Party of Communists, der Freedom Road Socialist Organization (alle in den USA.), der Communist Party of Ireland oder den neuseeländischen Freunden der nordkoreanischen Diktatur (NZ DPRK Society) unterzeichnet, sondern auch der New Yorker Ortsgruppe von Socialist Action (der führenden Kraft der sogenannten linken Opposition in der mandelistischen "Vierten Internationale"). Offensichtlich macht es Socialist Action nichts aus, dass ihre "Vierte Internationale" Russland und China offiziell als "imperialistisch" bezeichnet und sich weigert, im aktuellen NATO-Russland-Konflikt Partei zu ergreifen. [4] Allem Anschein nach ist der opportunistische Appetit der Socialist Action in ihrer nationalen Arbeit größer als ihre internationalistischen Prinzipien!
Die oben erwähnte Kommunistische Partei Irlands bekräftigt in ihrer eigenen Erklärung die Auffassung, dass nur die USA als Aggressor auftreten. "Es ist klar, dass es nicht die Handlungen Russlands sind, die den Weltfrieden bedrohen, mit dem potenziellen enormen Verlust an Menschenleben und der Umweltzerstörung, wenn es zu einem Krieg kommt, sondern vielmehr die aggressive militärische Aufrüstung durch die NATO sowie die militärische Strategie der EU im Rahmen ihrer PESCO-Strategie. Das Vorgehen der NATO-Allianz untergräbt das Minsker Friedensabkommen von 2015, in dem der Abzug aller ausländischen Streitkräfte und Söldner aus der Ukraine gefordert wird. " [5]
Die Portugiesische Kommunistische Partei (PCP) argumentiert im gleichen Sinne. "In diesem Kontext, vom Nahen Osten bis nach Lateinamerika, von Afrika bis nach Europa und Asien, verfolgt der US-Imperialismus mit Unterstützung seiner Verbündeten eine aggressive Politik gegen Länder und Völker, die sich nicht seinem Diktat unterwerfen und ihre Souveränität behaupten, und verschärft seine Konfrontationspolitik gegen China und Russland. (...) Das Zentralkomitee der PCP verurteilt die von den USA, der NATO und der EU vorangetriebene Eskalation der Konfrontation gegen Russland. Eine Eskalation, die sich auf militärischer, wirtschaftlicher und politischer Ebene ausdrückt, durch eine intensive Kampagne der Fehlinformation unterstützt wird und eine ernsthafte Bedrohung des Friedens darstellt. In diesem Zusammenhang ist die Einbindung der Ukraine in die aggressive Strategie des US-Imperialismus - der dieses Land zu einem Instrument seiner gefährlichen Provokationen gemacht hat - besonders schwerwiegend, ebenso wie das Beharren der USA und der NATO auf ihrer Politik der Einkreisung Russlands bei gleichzeitiger Ablehnung der von diesem Land unterbreiteten Vorschläge - nämlich der Beendigung der kontinuierlichen Erweiterung der NATO und der Installation militärischer Mittel entlang ihrer Grenzen - mit dem Ziel, die Sicherheit in Europa zu fördern." [6]
Die kanadische KP wiederholt denselben Gedanken: "Tatsache ist, dass die größte Gefahr für den Frieden in Europa und in der ganzen Welt nicht von Moskau ausgeht, sondern von Washington und der NATO. " [7]
Und, um ein weiteres Beispiel zu nennen, die Sozialistische Volkspartei Mexikos erklärt: "In diesem Zusammenhang begannen Ende 2021 die wachsenden Spannungen auf dem Territorium der Ukraine, die eine militärische Kampagne gegen die beiden abtrünnigen Republiken des Donbas führt. (...) Aus diesen Gründen verurteilt die Sozialistische Volkspartei Mexikos auf das Schärfste: die rücksichtslosen Bestrebungen der ukrainischen Regierung, die von ihren amerikanischen und europäischen Partnern unterstützt werden, den Konflikt mit Gewalt zu lösen; das unverantwortliche Ziel, die Ukraine in die Organisation des Nordatlantikvertrags (NATO) aufzunehmen, das, wenn es verwirklicht wird, nichts für den Frieden des Landes oder der Region tun würde, sondern eher das Gegenteil; die zahlreichen Verstöße der ukrainischen Regierung gegen die Minsker Verträge und ihren mangelnden politischen Willen, den Konflikt friedlich zu lösen. (...) Wir rufen auf: Die Völker der Welt und ihre fortschrittlichen Organisationen, wachsam zu sein und die provokative Belagerung der NATO-Truppen in dieser Region anzuprangern." [8]
Das Argument, dass der US-Imperialismus - und seine europäischen Verbündeten - Aggressoren sind, ist natürlich richtig. Die USA waren die wichtigste Siegermacht des Zweiten Weltkriegs. Sie wurden zur führenden Kraft innerhalb des imperialistischen Lagers und zum Hauptgegner der stalinistischen Staaten unter Führung der UdSSR. Nach dem Zusammenbruch der UdSSR im Jahr 1991 baute Washington seine Hegemonie mehr als ein Jahrzehnt lang weiter aus.
Dies ist jedoch nur die halbe Wahrheit. Der US-Imperialismus befindet sich seit mindestens einem Jahrzehnt im Niedergang und hat inzwischen seine absolute Vormachtstellung verloren. Wirtschaftlich wurde er von China - der neuen imperialistischen Großmacht im Osten - überflügelt (oder fast überflügelt, je nach Berechnungsmethode). [9] Und Russland ist zusammen mit den USA die größte Atommacht der Welt. [10]
Infolgedessen sind die USA nicht länger ein unangefochtener Hegemon. An die Stelle ihrer Weltordnung ist eine Weltlage getreten, die durch massive Instabilität und zunehmende Rivalität zwischen verschiedenen Großmächten (USA, China, EU, Russland und Japan) gekennzeichnet ist. Da wir dieses Thema in verschiedenen Arbeiten ausführlich behandelt haben, werden wir an dieser Stelle nicht ins Detail gehen und die Leser auf die Literatur der RCIT verweisen. [11]
Diese Veränderung der Weltlage im letzten Jahrzehnt hat zu mehreren demütigenden Rückzügen und Niederlagen des US-Imperialismus geführt. Das wichtigste Ereignis war die chaotische Niederlage in Afghanistan im August 2021. Das Ergebnis dieser Entwicklung war, dass die Taliban wieder an die Macht kamen, d.h. dieselbe Kraft, die die USA im November 2001 beim Einmarsch in dieses Land gestürzt hatten und die zwei Jahrzehnte lang einen heroischen Guerillakampf gegen die westlichen Besatzer geführt hatte. [12]
Der globale Rückzug der USA ist jedoch nicht auf Afghanistan beschränkt. Washington musste auch aus anderen Ländern (z. B. Irak, Syrien) Truppen abziehen und hat im Nahen Osten viel Einfluss verloren. Das Gleiche gilt für Zentralasien, wo Russland und China die USA als Hegemon abgelöst haben.
Infolgedessen waren es Russland und China, die ihren Einfluss im letzten Jahrzehnt ausbauten. China verfügt über einen enormen politischen und wirtschaftlichen Einfluss auf allen Kontinenten. Es versucht, das gesamte Südmeer (oder "Ostmeer", wie es von Vietnam genannt wird) zu kontrollieren, ungeachtet der Ansprüche aller anderen Anrainerstaaten. Peking droht auch mit einer Invasion Taiwans, das seit dem Ende des Bürgerkriegs mit dem US-Imperialismus verbündet ist. [13]
Russland, das wirtschaftlich schwächer als China, aber militärisch stärker ist, übt einen bedeutenden Einfluss im Nahen Osten, in Nord-, Ost- und Zentralafrika, in Europa sowie in Asien aus. Seine Truppen sind - offiziell oder verdeckt - in verschiedenen anderen Ländern und Regionen stationiert (z. B. in Zentralasien, der Ostukraine, Syrien, Libyen, Mali, der Zentralafrikanischen Republik usw.). Wie Moskaus militärische Intervention in Kasachstan kürzlich gezeigt hat, fungiert Russland als imperialistischer Gendarm Eurasiens.
Dies gilt heute umso mehr für den aktuellen Konflikt zwischen der NATO und Russland. Es ist Russland, das mehr als 100.000 Soldaten an der Grenze zur Ukraine stationiert hat und mit einer Invasion dieses Landes droht. Zwar hat die NATO nun beschlossen, auch einige tausend zusätzliche Truppen nach Osteuropa zu schicken, aber die Eskalation wurde eindeutig von Moskau initiiert. Die Biden-Administration hatte zunächst nicht die Absicht, eine politisch-militärische Offensive gegen Russland zu starten, und zwar aus dem einfachen Grund, dass sie voll und ganz damit beschäftigt ist, China in Ostasien einzudämmen.
Aus all diesen Gründen ist es reine Schönfärberei des Putin-Regimes, wenn diese stalinistischen Parteien nur die USA als Aggressor anprangern, ohne ein einziges Wort der Kritik an der Offensive des russischen (und chinesischen) Imperialismus im letzten Jahrzehnt und insbesondere in den letzten Monaten zu äußern!
Es ist erwähnenswert, dass klügere Beobachter unter den Stalinisten diese Verschiebung in der Weltordnung durchaus anerkennen. Die Kommunistische Partei Indiens (Marxisten) - abgekürzt CPI(M), eine der größten stalinistischen Parteien der Welt - veröffentlichte kürzlich einen Artikel über die NATO-Russland-Krise, in dem sie auf die wichtigen Veränderungen im Kräfteverhältnis zwischen den Großmächten hinwies.
"Die wachsende Selbstbehauptung Russlands aufgrund seiner verbesserten wirtschaftlichen Lage, die Wirtschaftskrisen, die die USA schwächten, und das Aufkommen Chinas als eine Kraft, mit der man rechnen muss, markierten jedoch eine Veränderung der geopolitischen Realitäten. Im Jahr 2008 sprach sich Russland unmissverständlich gegen die NATO-Erweiterung aus und machte deutlich, dass es bei der Aufnahme von Georgien und der Ukraine in das Bündnis eine "rote Linie" zieht. (...) Die Bemühungen der USA, alle ihre NATO-Verbündeten zu mobilisieren, stoßen auf Widerstand, da Deutschland und Frankreich diese Idee einer russischen Invasion nicht glauben. Beide hatten zuvor sogar ein Veto gegen den Beschluss zur Aufnahme der Ukraine in das NATO-Bündnis eingelegt. Viele der europäischen Länder sind auf das billige Erdgas aus Russland angewiesen und können es sich daher nicht leisten, auf ihre Beziehungen zu Russland zu verzichten. Sie sind sich auch der wachsenden Bedrohung durch neonazistische Kräfte in der Ukraine sowie des korrupten und autoritären Regimes dort bewusst und sind besorgt über die Auswirkungen all dessen auf ihre eigenen Länder. Sie sind auch skeptisch gegenüber den USA und dem Ausgang eines militärischen Konflikts mit Russland. Schließlich verfügt Russland nach wie vor über hochwertige Militärtechnologie, und ein Krieg mit Russland wäre nicht nur für die europäischen Länder, sondern für die gesamte Menschheit katastrophal. " [14]
Dies führt die indischen Stalinisten jedoch nicht dazu, eine Position gegen alle imperialistischen Mächte einzunehmen, wie wir weiter unten sehen werden.
Die einseitige Opposition der Stalinisten nur gegen die westlichen Imperialisten ist auf ihre Unterstützung des russischen (und chinesischen) Imperialismus zurückzuführen. Im Grunde fungieren sie als Putins Pudel. Ein besonders krasses Beispiel dafür ist die russische KPRF unter der Führung von Gennadi Sjuganow. Wie wir bereits an anderer Stelle dargelegt haben, hat diese Partei die militärische Intervention Russlands in Kasachstan zur Niederschlagung des Volksaufstandes offen begrüßt. Diese Befürwortung der Konterrevolution wurde mit dem Argument gerechtfertigt, dass der Westen einen "hybriden Krieg gegen Russland" führe und dass "der kollektive Westen alles tun wird, um die Lage an den russischen Grenzen zu destabilisieren." [15]
Derselbe sozialpatriotische Geist hat die KPRF dazu gebracht, einen parlamentarischen Vorschlag zur formellen Anerkennung der Unabhängigkeit der "Republiken" im Donbass vorzulegen. Einer der Befürworter dieses Gesetzentwurfs, Alexander Borodai - ein ehemaliger politischer Führer aus Donezk, der jetzt Abgeordneter der regierenden, Putin-freundlichen Partei "Einiges Russland" ist - sagte, die Separatisten würden sich an Russland wenden, um ihnen zu helfen, die Kontrolle über Teile des Gebiets zu erlangen, die derzeit von ukrainischen Truppen gehalten werden. "Im Falle einer Anerkennung (der Republiken) wird ein Krieg zu einer direkten Notwendigkeit. " [16]
Zum Abschluss dieses Kapitels wollen wir auf die theoretischen Konsequenzen der Behauptung der Stalinisten hinweisen, dass nur die NATO-Staaten als "imperialistisch" gelten, nicht aber ihre Rivalen im Osten. Diese Position offenbart in Wirklichkeit eine Anpassung an die revisionistische Theorie des "Ultraimperialismus". Dieses Konzept wurde 1914 von dem deutschen Theoretiker Karl Kautsky entwickelt - ironischerweise zu Beginn des Ersten Weltkriegs! Nach dieser Theorie würden die wirtschaftlichen Gesetze des Kapitalismus die Bourgeoisie dazu bringen, das Stadium des Imperialismus zu überwinden und in ein Stadium einzutreten, das "Ultraimperialismus" genannt wird. Eine solche Epoche wäre durch eine zunehmende Ausbeutung der Arbeiterklasse sowie der kolonialen und halbkolonialen Länder gekennzeichnet. Gleichzeitig würden die imperialistischen Mächte ihre Rivalität zunehmend überwinden und sich in einem einzigen imperialistischen Trust oder Bündnis zusammenschließen.
Die geschichtliche Erfahrung des letzten Jahrhunderts hat diese Theorie natürlich völlig widerlegt. Die Großmächte kämpften in zwei Weltkriegen gegeneinander, die bis zu 100 Millionen Tote forderten. Es gab eine Periode, in der sich die Rivalität zwischen den imperialistischen Mächten bis zu einem gewissen Grad abschwächte (1948-91). Der Grund dafür war jedoch, dass die Widersprüche zwischen diesen Mächten durch ihren gemeinsamen Antagonismus gegen die stalinistischen Arbeiterstaaten überlagert wurden. In den letzten ein, zwei Jahrzehnten sind jedoch neue Großmächte entstanden (Russland und China), und die inner-imperialistische Rivalität ist wieder zu einem Hauptmerkmal der Weltlage geworden.
Die stalinistische Vorstellung, dass Russland und China keine imperialistischen Mächte darstellen würden und alle (westlichen) imperialistischen Staaten unter der Führung der USA vereint sind, ist eine Art Neuauflage der Kautsky'schen Theorie des "Ultraimperialismus". Wie Lenin einmal zu diesem Konzept bemerkte: " Nicht die geringste Spur von Marxismus findet sich in diesem Bestreben, den bereits angebrochenen Imperialismus leichthin abzutun und sich in den Traum von einem „Ultraimperialismus" zu retten." [17] Wir verweisen interessierte Leser auf andere Arbeiten, in denen wir uns ausführlich mit dieser Frage beschäftigt haben. [18]
[1] Wir verweisen auf eine spezielle Seite auf unserer Website, auf der alle RCIT-Dokumente zum aktuellen NATO-Russland-Konflikt zusammengestellt sind: https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/compilation-of-documents-on-nato-russia-conflict/; unsere beiden Kernaussagen sind: Weder NATO noch Russland! Nieder mit allen imperialistischen Kriegstreibern! Keine Unterstützung für eines der beiden imperialistischen Lager oder seine Stellvertreter in der Ukraine und im Donbass! Vereint die Arbeiter und Unterdrückten für einen unabhängigen Befreiungskampf! 25. Januar 2022, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/neither-nato-nor-russia-down-with-all-imperialist-warmongers/; Der aktuelle NATO-Russland-Konflikt und die antiimperialistischen Aufgaben der Revolutionäre. Nieder mit allen Großmächten und ihren Stellvertretern! Für eine unabhängige und sozialistische Ukraine! 29. Januar 2022, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/the-current-nato-russia-conflict-and-the-anti-imperialist-tasks-of-revolutionaries/. Die meisten unserer Dokumente sind in mehrere Sprachen übersetzt worden.
[2] Michael Pröbsting: Anti-Imperialismus im Zeitalter der Großmachtrivalität. Die Faktoren der sich beschleunigenden Rivalität zwischen den USA, China, Russland, der EU und Japan. Eine Kritik an der Analyse der Linken und ein Abriss der marxistischen Perspektive, RCIT Books, Wien 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/anti-imperialism-in-the-age-of-great-power-rivalry/
[3] Aufruf zum Handeln: Kein Krieg mit Russland wegen der Ukraine, 29. Januar 2022, https://popularresistance.org/nowarwithrussia/?link_id=0&can_id=8adf930454a2e45589616230720f774d&source=email-us-peace-council-statement-the-escalating-crisis-in-ukraine-poses-an-imminent-threat-to-world-peace&email_referrer=email_1426203&email_subject=call-to-action-stop-the-war-with-russia-over-ukraine
[4] Siehe z.B. Gegen die militärische Eskalation der NATO und Russlands in Osteuropa, Erklärung des Exekutivbüros der Vierten Internationale, 30. Januar 2022, https://internationalviewpoint.org/spip.php?article7503
[5] Communist Party of Ireland: Das irische Establishment kollaboriert mit den Militärstrategien der NATO, 26. Januar 2022, http://www.solidnet.org/article/CP-of-Ireland-The-Irish-establishment-are-collaborators-in-NATO-military-strategies/
[6] PCP: Kommuniqué des Zentralkomitees der PCP vom 1. Februar 2022, http://www.solidnet.org/article/Portuguese-CP-Communique-of-the-Central-Committee-of-the-PCP-of-February-1-2022/
[7] KP Kanadas: Handeln Sie jetzt, um den US-NATO-Krieg gegen Russland zu stoppen! In: PEOPLE'S VOICE - Ausgabe vom 1. bis 14. Februar 2022, http://www.solidnet.org/article/CP-of-Canada-PEOPLES-VOICE-Issue-of-February-1-14-2022/
[8] PPS (Mexiko) Erklärung zur Ukraine und Kasachstan, 31.1.2022, http://www.solidnet.org/article/PPS-of-Mexico-Statement-on-Ukraine-and-Kazakhstan/
[9] Die RCIT hat zahlreiche Dokumente über den Kapitalismus in China und seine Umwandlung in eine Großmacht veröffentlicht. Siehe hierzu z.B. die folgenden Werke von Michael Pröbsting: China: Eine imperialistische Macht ... oder noch nicht? Eine theoretische Frage mit ganz praktischen Konsequenzen! Fortsetzung der Debatte mit Esteban Mercatante und der PTS/FT über den Klassencharakter Chinas und die Konsequenzen für die revolutionäre Strategie, 22. Januar 2022, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/china-imperialist-power-or-not-yet/; Chinese Imperialism and the World Economy, ein Aufsatz, der in der zweiten Ausgabe von The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism (herausgegeben von Immanuel Ness und Zak Cope) veröffentlicht wurde, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2020, https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-319-91206-6_179-1; China's transformation into an imperialist power. Eine Studie über die wirtschaftlichen, politischen und militärischen Aspekte Chinas als Großmacht (2012), in: Revolutionary Communism No. 4, http://www.thecommunists.net/publications/revcom-number-4; China's Emergence as an Imperialist Power (Artikel in der US-Zeitschrift "New Politics"), in: "New Politics", Sommer 2014 (Vol:XV-1, Whole #: 57); How is it possible that some Marxists still Doubt that China has Become Capitalist? (A Critique of the PTS/FT), An analysis of the capitalist character of China's State-Owned Enterprises and its political consequences, 18 September 2020, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/pts-ft-and-chinese-imperialism-2/; Unable to See the Wood for the Trees (PTS/FT and China). Eclectic Empiricism and the failure of the PTS/FT to recognize the imperialist character of China, 13. August 2020, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/pts-ft-and-chinese-imperialism/.
[10] Die RCIT hat zahlreiche Dokumente über den Kapitalismus in Russland und dessen Aufstieg zu einer imperialistischen Macht veröffentlicht. Siehe dazu z.B. mehrere Broschüren von Michael Pröbsting: The Peculiar Features of Russian Imperialism. Eine Studie über Russlands Monopole, Kapitalexport und Superausbeutung im Lichte der marxistischen Theorie, 10. August 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/the-peculiar-features-of-russian-imperialism/ ; vom gleichen Autor: Lenins Theorie des Imperialismus und der Aufstieg Russlands zur Großmacht. Über das Verständnis und Missverständnis der heutigen zwischenimperialistischen Rivalität im Lichte der Leninschen Imperialismustheorie. Eine weitere Antwort an unsere Kritiker, die Russlands imperialistischen Charakter leugnen, August 2014, http://www.thecommunists.net/theory/imperialism-theory-and-russia/ ; Russland als imperialistische Großmacht. Die Entstehung des russischen Monopolkapitals und seines Imperiums - Eine Antwort an unsere Kritiker, 18. März 2014, in: Revolutionärer Kommunismus Nr. 21, http://www.thecommunists.net/theory/imperialist-russia/ ; Russischer Imperialismus und seine Monopole, in: Neue Politik Bd. XVIII Nr. 4, Gesamtnummer 72, Winter 2022, https://newpol.org/issue_post/russian-imperialism-and-its-monopolies/ . Siehe verschiedene andere RCIT-Dokumente zu diesem Thema auf einer speziellen Unterseite auf der Website des RCIT: https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/china-russia-as-imperialist-powers/.
[11] Die RCIT hat sich bei zahlreichen Gelegenheiten mit der zwischenimperialistischen Rivalität der Großmächte befasst. Siehe z.B. RCIT: World Perspectives 2021-22: Entering a Pre-Revolutionary Global Situation, 22. August 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/world-perspectives-2021-22/; siehe auch unser Buch von Michael Pröbsting: Anti-Imperialismus im Zeitalter der Großmachtrivalität. Die Faktoren der sich beschleunigenden Rivalität zwischen den USA, China, Russland, der EU und Japan. A Critique of the Left's Analysis and an Outline of the Marxist Perspective, RCIT Books, Wien 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/anti-imperialism-in-the-age-of-great-power-rivalry/; siehe auch die beiden folgenden Broschüren desselben Autors: "A Really Good Quarrel". US-China Alaska Meeting: The Inter-Imperialist Cold War Continues, 23. März 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/us-china-alaska-meeting-shows-continuation-of-inter-imperialist-cold-war/; Servants of Two Masters. Stalinismus und der neue Kalte Krieg zwischen den imperialistischen Großmächten in Ost und West, 10. Juli 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/servants-of-two-masters-stalinism-and-new-cold-war/; weitere Werke zu diesem Thema finden Sie auf den folgenden Unterseiten: https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/china-russia-as-imperialist-powers/ und https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/collection-of-articles-on-the-global-trade-war/.
[12] Siehe die Zusammenstellung von RCIT-Dokumenten über die imperialistische Niederlage in Afghanistan auf einer speziellen Unterseite auf unserer Website: https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/asia/collection-of-articles-on-us-defeat-in-afghanistan/ . Insbesondere verweisen wir auf zwei Pamphlete von Michael Pröbsting: Afghanistan: Verstehen (und Missverstehen) der Taliban. Klassenwidersprüche, Frauenunterdrückung und antiimperialistischer Widerstand, 10. September 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/afghanistan-class-contradictions-women-s-oppression-and-anti-imperialist-resistance/; Afghanistan und die Linke: Closet Social-Imperialism. Eine Kritik der reformistischen und zentristischen Kräfte, die sich über den Sieg der Taliban gegen die US-Besatzung in Afghanistan empören, 24. September 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/afghanistan-and-the-left-closet-social-imperialism/.
[13] Siehe dazu z.B. RCIT: The Coming Inter-Imperialist War on Taiwan. Revolutionärer Defeatismus gegen beide Großmächte - sowohl die USA als auch China! 10. Oktober 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/the-coming-inter-imperialist-war-on-taiwan/ . Siehe hierzu auch Kapitel IV. "Die Taiwan-Frage in ihrem historischen und geostrategischen Kontext" in der o.g. Broschüre von Michael Pröbsting: China: Eine imperialistische Macht ... oder noch nicht?
[14] R Arun Kumar: Imperialist Designs in Ukraine, CPI(M), 30. Januar 2022, https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2022/0130_pd/imperialist-designs-ukraine
[15] Zu den Quellen der Zitate siehe den Artikel von Michael Pröbsting: Der Volksaufstand in Kasachstan und Putins patriotische "Kommunisten". Die stalinistische KPRF von Gennadi Sjuganow unterstützt die blutige Niederschlagung der Proteste und die imperialistische Intervention der russischen Truppen, 8. Januar 2022, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/asia/kazakhstan-and-putin-s-patriotic-communists
[16] Siehe hierzu z.B. KPRF: Признаем республики ДНР и ЛНР - остановим войну на Донбассе! 2022-01-25, https://kprf.ru/party-live/opinion/208140.html; Maria Tsvetkova: Ukraine-Krieg notwendig, wenn Russland abtrünnige Regionen anerkennt - Pro-Kreml-Abgeordnete, Reuters, 20. Januar 2022 https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-war-necessary-if-russia-recognises-breakaway-regions-pro-kremlin-mp-2022-01-20/
[17] W.I.Lenin: Vorwort zu N. Bucharins Broschüre: Imperialismus und Weltwirtschaft (1915), in: LW Bd. 22, S. 105
[18] Siehe z.B. unser Pamphlet von Michael Pröbsting: Lenins Imperialismustheorie und der Aufstieg Russlands zur Großmacht. Zum Verständnis und Mißverständnis der heutigen zwischenimperialistischen Rivalität im Lichte der Leninschen Imperialismustheorie. Eine weitere Antwort an unsere Kritiker, die Russlands imperialistischen Charakter leugnen, in: Revolutionärer Kommunismus Nr. 25, August 2014, http://www.thecommunists.net/theory/imperialism-theory-and-russia/
2. Ist es für Marxisten relevant, wer der Aggressor ist?
Unserer Meinung nach wäre es ein großer Fehler, die Debatte auf die Frage zu konzentrieren, welche Großmacht stärker oder aggressiver ist. Für Marxisten ist dies nicht die Hauptfrage. Es ist nicht entscheidend, ob die USA den Konflikt durch die Erweiterung der NATO in Osteuropa provoziert haben oder ob Russland die Spannungen durch die Aufstellung von 100.000 Soldaten an der Grenze zur Ukraine ausgelöst hat. Marxisten charakterisieren einen Konflikt niemals dadurch, dass sie beurteilen, wer die Aggression zuerst begonnen hat. Die Bolschewiki unter der Führung von Lenin formulierten einen solchen Ansatz sehr deutlich in einer Resolution, die auf einer Konferenz im Frühjahr 1915 - wenige Monate nach Beginn des Ersten Weltkriegs - verabschiedet wurde.
" Die Frage, welche Gruppe den ersten militärischen Schlag geführt oder als erste den Krieg erklärt hat, ist bei der Festlegung der Taktik der Sozialisten ohne jede Bedeutung. Die Phrasen von der Verteidigung des Vaterlandes, von der Abwehr eines feindlichen Überfalls, vom Defensivkrieg - usw. sind auf beiden Seiten reiner Volksbetrug." [1]
Es ist auch nicht die entscheidende Frage, welche Macht stärker und welche schwächer ist. Wir stellen uns nicht auf die Seite des schwächeren Räubers gegen den stärkeren Räuber. Wir stellen uns gegen alle Räuber! Lenin und Sinowjew - ein weiterer Führer der Bolschewiki zu jener Zeit - brachten eine solche Haltung in ihrem bekannten Pamphlet "Sozialismus und Krieg" zum Ausdruck, das einige Monate nach der oben erwähnten Konferenz veröffentlicht wurde.
" Aber stellen wir uns einmal vor, ein Sklavenhalter, Besitzer von 100 Sklaven, läge im Krieg mit einem anderen Sklavenhalter, Besitzer von 200 Sklaven, um die „gerechtere" Neuaufteilung der Sklaven. Es ist klar, daß die Anwendung der Begriffe „Verteidigungs"krieg oder „Vaterlandsverteidigung" auf einen solchen Fall historisch verlogen und praktisch ein glatter Betrug wäre, begangen von gerissenen Sklavenhaltern am einfachen Volk, an den Kleinbürgern, an der unaufgeklärten Masse. Ganz genauso werden im gegenwärtigen Krieg, den die Sklavenhalter führen, um die Sklaverei aufrechtzuerhalten und zu verstärken, die Völker von der heutigen imperialistischen Bourgeoisie mittels der „nationalen" Ideologie und des Begriffs der Vaterlandsverteidigung betrogen." [2]
Sie nahmen das Beispiel der Situation vor 1914, als Großbritannien (und Frankreich) die imperialistischen Mächte mit dem größten Besitz an Kolonien waren. Verglichen mit diesen war Deutschland ein Schwächling. Ersetzt man Großbritannien und Frankreich durch die USA und ihre Verbündeten und Deutschland durch China oder Russland, und man erkennt eine sehr genaue Charakterisierung der aktuellen Weltlage sehen!
" Vom Standpunkt der bürgerlichen Gerechtigkeit und nationalen Freiheit (oder des Existenzrechts der Nationen) wäre Deutschland unbedingt im Recht gegen England und Frankreich, denn es ist bei der Teilung der Kolonien „übervorteilt" worden, seine Feinde halten unvergleichlich mehr Nationen unter ihrer Botmäßigkeit als es selbst, und im Reiche seines Verbündeten, in Österreich, genießen die unterdrückten Slawen zweifellos größere Freiheit als im zaristischen Rußland, diesem wahren „Völkergefängnis". Aber Deutschland selbst kämpft nicht für die Befreiung, sondern für die Unterdrückung der Nationen. Es ist nicht Sache der Sozialisten, dem jüngeren und kräftigeren Räuber (Deutschland) zu helfen, die älteren, sattgefressenen Räuber auszuplündern. Die Sozialisten haben den Kampf zwischen den Räubern auszunutzen, um sie allesamt zu beseitigen." [3]
Kurz gesagt, es ist für Sozialisten nicht entscheidend, ob die USA größer sind oder in der Vergangenheit aggressiver waren als Russland (oder China). Wir sind
gegen alle Großmächte, und wir dürfen die Herausforderer der Hegemonialmächte in ihren Bemühungen, diese zu ersetzen, nicht unterstützen!
3. Was ist die Ursache für die Eskalation der Spannungen zwischen den Großmächten: die Partei der Kriegshetzer oder das imperialistische
System?
Ein charakteristisches Merkmal der Argumentation der pro-russischen Stalinisten ist die Tatsache, dass sie die Ursache der Großmachtrivalität nicht in den grundlegenden Widersprüchen des imperialistischen Weltsystems verorten. Sie suggerieren vielmehr, dass die Kriegsgefahr das Ergebnis irrationaler, militaristischer Absichten einiger Teile der herrschenden Klasse in den USA ist. Wenn es solche reaktionären Gruppen nicht gäbe, wären diplomatische Verhandlungen und eine friedliche Lösung durchaus möglich. Als Beispiel sei hier aus Peoples World, der Publikation der Kommunistischen Partei der USA (CPUSA), zitiert.
"Es gibt Anzeichen dafür, dass es Russland in diesem Konflikt vor allem darum geht, den NATO-Beitritt der Ukraine zu verhindern, und es will Zusagen, dass die Vereinigten Staaten niemals offensive militärische Waffen an seinen Grenzen, insbesondere in der Ukraine, stationieren werden. Die Stationierung solcher Waffen würde jede Möglichkeit der Diplomatie zunichte machen und den Russen wahrscheinlich das Gefühl geben, dass sie keine andere Wahl haben, als zu intervenieren. Hätten wir es in den USA nicht mit einem außenpolitischen Establishment zu tun, das vom Pentagon und dem gefährlichen militärisch-industriellen Komplex dominiert wird, gäbe es mehr als genug Gründe, auf Diplomatie statt auf Krieg zu setzen. " [4]
Eine solche Erklärung für die Eskalation der Spannungen ist identisch mit den jüngsten Äußerungen der ex-stalinistischen Partei der Europäischen Linken zum NATO-Russland-Konflikt, die wir in einem anderen Artikel analysiert haben. [5] Zu diesem Bündnis gehören die LINKE (Deutschland), PCF (Frankreich), IU & PCE (Spanien), SYRIZA (Griechenland) und andere Parteien. Ironischerweise sind die spanischen Parteien dieses Bündnisses Teil der Regierung, d.h. der Regierung eines NATO-Mitgliedstaates, der gerade Kriegsschiffe ins Schwarze Meer geschickt hat, um Russland zu konfrontieren. Um es diplomatisch auszudrücken: Die Einheit von Theorie und Praxis ist kein Wesensmerkmal des Stalinismus!
Ein solcher Ansatz, der bestimmte Parteien oder Gruppen für die Eskalation der Spannungen verantwortlich macht und nicht den grundlegenden Antagonismus zwischen den imperialistischen Mächten, hat nichts mit dem Marxismus zu tun. Wir haben die Politik des Militarismus, die reaktionäre Kriegstreiberei, das Anzetteln von Kriegen in den letzten Jahrzehnten mehrfach erlebt. Dies geschah unter konservativen und "fortschrittlichen" Regierungen der kapitalistischen Mächte, und es geschah unter US-Regierungen, die sowohl von Republikanern als auch von Demokraten geführt wurden. Es geschah auch mit der Beteiligung sozialdemokratischer und grüner Parteien an Regierungen - und sogar mit der Beteiligung "kommunistischer" Parteien (z.B. war die PCF eine Regierungspartei, als Frankreich am NATO-Krieg gegen Jugoslawien 1999 und Afghanistan 2001 teilnahm). [6]
Die Behauptung, dass die imperialistische Kriegstreiberei von "falschen" Regierungen, von "böswilligen" Interessengruppen verursacht wird, sorgt bloß für Verwirrung unter Arbeitern und Friedensaktivisten. Ein solcher Mythos schürt die Illusion, dass, wenn eine andere Partei an die Macht käme, eine friedliche Entwicklung innerhalb des kapitalistischen Systems durchaus möglich wäre, d.h. dass ein dauerhafter Frieden ohne den Sturz der herrschenden Klasse durch eine sozialistische Revolution hergestellt werden könnte. Die Geschichte des modernen Kapitalismus, d.h. der letzten 120 Jahre, hat jedoch das Gegenteil bewiesen. Lenin und andere Kommunisten haben diese Einschätzung immer wieder betont.
"Der Krieg ist kein Zufall, keine „Sünde", wie die christlichen Pfaffen glauben (die nicht schlechter als die Opportunisten Patriotismus, Humanität und Frieden predigen), er ist vielmehr eine unvermeidliche Etappe des Kapitalismus, eine ebenso gesetzmäßige Form des kapitalistischen Lebens wie der Frieden. " [7]
"…das sind Ergebnisse des modernen Monopolkapitalismus im Weltmaßstab. Und diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß auf einer solchen wirtschaftlichen Grundlage, solange das Privateigentum an den Produktionsmitteln besteht, imperialistische Kriege absolut unvermeidlich sind." [8]
"Im Kapitalismus, und besonders in seinem imperialistischen Stadium, sind Kriege unvermeidlich." [9]
Während die Stalinisten die Unvermeidbarkeit von Kriegen im Kapitalismus leugnen, predigen sie ein System des friedlichen Kapitalismus. Um eine solche pazifistische Utopie zu ermöglichen, schließen diese Parteien Bündnisse mit bürgerlichen Parteien (die angeblich gegen Kriegstreiberei sind) und versuchen, in kapitalistische Regierungen einzutreten. Wie wir bereits gezeigt haben, funktioniert das nicht, was auch nicht überrascht. Infolgedessen wurden stalinistische Parteien wiederholt zu Unterstützern imperialistischer Kriege.
4. Können Sozialisten "legitime Einflusssphären" von Großmächten verteidigen?
Die stalinistischen Parteien setzen diese illusionäre und verräterische Politik fort, indem sie Bündnisse mit bürgerlichen Kräften eingehen und sich kapitalistischen Regierungen anschließen, auch auf globaler Ebene. Da ihrer Meinung nach die Kriegstreiberei nicht in den grundlegenden Widersprüchen des Kapitalismus begründet ist, die sich in der gegenwärtigen Periode des historischen Zerfalls verschärfen, sei ein friedlicher Kompromiss zwischen den Großmächten durchaus möglich. Als Grundlage dafür schlagen die Stalinisten vor, dass die Großmächte die imperialistischen Herrschaftsbereiche der jeweils anderen respektieren sollten. Wir zitieren aus einem anderen von der CPUSA veröffentlichten Artikel.
"Ein genauerer Blick auf die Geschichte und die jüngsten Ereignisse zeigt, dass es der Westen ist, der durch seine langfristige Politik der NATO-Aggression die Verantwortung für die Krise trägt, die Osteuropa jetzt erfasst hat. Es ist hilfreich zu verstehen, dass alle Länder, auch die USA, strategische Kerninteressen haben, die sie im Falle einer Verletzung dazu zwingen können, militärische Maßnahmen zu ergreifen und in den Krieg zu ziehen. Um die russische Sicht auf die mögliche Expansion der NATO und die Stationierung von Waffen oder Truppen in der Ukraine zu verstehen - womit mehrere US-Regierungen, einschließlich der derzeitigen, gedroht haben -, ist ein einfaches Gedankenexperiment hilfreich. Seit der Verabschiedung der Monroe-Doktrin haben die Vereinigten Staaten die gesamte westliche Hemisphäre zu ihrem strategischen Kerninteresse erklärt. Sie würden niemals dulden, dass russische oder chinesische Waffen in Ländern direkt an ihrer Grenze, wie Kanada oder Mexiko, stationiert werden. Aber genau diese Situation wird von Russlands Führung befürchtet. Russland kann nicht dulden, dass NATO-Waffen (wie die von den USA verwalteten Atomwaffen, die die NATO in Deutschland hat) direkt an seinen Grenzen in der Ukraine stationiert werden. Raketen, die Moskau in fünf Minuten oder weniger erreichen können, sind ein absolutes Tabu." [10]
Die Logik einer solchen Argumentation ist ziemlich klar. Die CPUSA spricht sich nicht grundsätzlich gegen die Monroe-Doktrin und jede Einflusssphäre des US-Imperialismus aus. Stattdessen fordert sie die USA auf, ihren Expansionismus bis zu einem gewissen Grad einzuschränken und Russland seinen eigenen Einflussbereich zuzugestehen. In der Tat unterstützt die CPUSA also die Umsetzung einer russischen Version der Monroe-Doktrin, damit beide - sowohl Washington als auch Moskau - ihren Teil der Welt kontrollieren können. Dies ist die geopolitische Version der Utopie des "fairen Handels" - man könnte sagen, es ist das illusionäre Konzept des "fairen Imperialismus".
In der Tat haben sich Marxisten immer gegen den US-Imperialismus und seine Monroe-Doktrin ausgesprochen. Sie sind nicht weniger gegen den russischen Imperialismus und seine Putin-Doktrin.
Der Ansatz der Stalinisten ist in der Tat identisch mit den strategischen Zielen des russischen und chinesischen Imperialismus. Wie die gemeinsame Erklärung anlässlich des jüngsten Treffens zwischen Putin und Xi zeigt, treten diese beiden Großmächte für eine neue Weltordnung ein, die durch "wirkliche Multipolarität" und "die Demokratisierung der internationalen Beziehungen" gekennzeichnet ist. [11] Die Hegemonie der USA soll durch die Hegemonie mehrerer Großmächte ersetzt werden - natürlich mit einer herausragenden Rolle für Peking und Moskau. Mit anderen Worten: Die Stalinisten wollen die imperialistische Weltordnung der Zeit nach dem Zusammenbruch der UdSSR im Jahre 1991 durch eine Art imperialistische Weltordnung ersetzen, wie sie vor 1914 bestand. (Einige von ihnen beziehen sich sogar ausdrücklich darauf, wie wir weiter unten sehen werden).
Ein weiterer Ausdruck dieses Eintretens für eine multilaterale imperialistische Ordnung ist die wiederholte positive Bezugnahme auf die Vereinten Nationen und ihre politischen Grundsätze. Die UNO wurde von den Siegermächten des Zweiten Weltkriegs gegründet und Russland und China sind Veto-Staaten im UN-Sicherheitsrat.
So schreibt die portugiesische PCP: "Wir bekräftigen, wie wichtig es ist, den Kampf gegen die Aggression und die Einmischung des Imperialismus, gegen die Erweiterung der NATO und für ihre Auflösung, gegen die Militarisierung der Europäischen Union, für Frieden und Abrüstung im Einklang mit den Prinzipien der Charta der Vereinten Nationen und der Schlussakte der Konferenz von Helsinki zu entwickeln." [12]
Und die zu Beginn von Kapitel 1 erwähnte gemeinsame Erklärung nennt als Forderungen: "Für die Befolgung die internationalen Gesetze und die UN-Charta" und "Für die Lösung des aktuellen Konflikts im Rahmen des Sicherheitsrates der Vereinten Nationen. " [13]
Ebenso wie das Putin-Regime befürworten auch diese Kräfte die Umsetzung des sogenannten Minsk-II-Abkommens - die von den drei imperialistischen Mächten Russland, Frankreich und Deutschland sowie der Ukraine ausgehandelten diplomatischen Lösungen. "Der einzige Ausweg aus der gegenwärtigen Sackgasse besteht darin, sich an das zwischen Russland, der Ukraine, Frankreich und Deutschland unterzeichnete Minsker Abkommen zu halten. Diese Vereinbarung wurde vom UN-Sicherheitsrat einstimmig gebilligt, und das schließt auch die USA ein." [14]
Solche Forderungen sind im höchsten Maße absurd. Sozialisten dürfen sich keine Illusionen in imperialistische Institutionen wie die UNO machen. Dies ist eine Institution, die von Großmächten dominiert wird - hauptsächlich von den Veto-Staaten im Sicherheitsrat (USA, China, Russland, Frankreich und Großbritannien). UN-Institutionen setzen entweder die gemeinsamen Interessen dieser Räuber bzw. einen Kompromiss zwischen ihnen um (z.B. Sanktionen gegen Nordkorea) oder sie verabschieden ohnmächtige Resolutionen, an deren Umsetzung niemand interessiert ist.
Sozialisten dürfen nicht dafür eintreten, eine Form der imperialistischen Ordnung durch eine andere Version derselben Ordnung zu ersetzen. Sie müssen für die Abschaffung aller Großmächte und ihrer Institutionen (wie der UNO) und für den Aufbau einer globalen sozialistischen Föderation von Arbeiter- und Bauernrepubliken kämpfen.
[1] W. I. Lenin: Die Konferenz der Auslandssektionen der SDAPR (1915); in LW 21, S. 148
[2] W.I. Lenin: Sozialismus und Krieg (1915); in: LW 21, S. 301
[3] Ebenda., S. 304
[4] John Wojcik: Wer überfällt wen? U.S. forces already in Eastern Europe, CPUSA, 25. Januar 2022, https://peoplesworld.org/article/who-is-invading-whom-u-s-forces-already-in-eastern-europe/
[5] Michael Pröbsting: Der NATO-Russland-Konflikt: Die "Partei der Europäischen Linken" als Regierungsberaterin für den EU-Imperialismus. Ex-stalinistische LINKE (Deutschland), PCF (Frankreich), IU & PCE (Spanien), SYRIZA (Griechenland) etc. fordern die Regierungen auf, dass "Europa eine unabhängige geopolitische Haltung entwickeln muss", 30. Januar 2022, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/nato-russia-conflict-the-party-of-the-european-left-as-government-adviser-for-eu-imperialism/
[6] Siehe dazu z.B. Kapitel 13 in unserem Buch von Michael Pröbsting: Der große Raubzug im Süden. Kontinuität und Wandel der Über-Ausbeutung der halbkolonialen Welt durch das Monopolkapital - Konsequenzen für die marxistische Imperialismustheorie, RCIT Books, 2013, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/great-robbery-of-the-south/
[7] W. I. Lenin: Lage und Aufgaben der Sozialistischen Internationale (1914), in: LW Vol. 21, S. 27
[8] W. I. Lenin: Der Imperialismus als höchstes Stadium des Kapitalismus (1916); in: LW Bd. 22, S. 194
[9] W. I. Lenin: Die Konferenz der Auslandssektionen der SDAPR (1915); in LW 21, S. 152
[10] John Wojcik: Der Westen, nicht Russland, ist für die Kriegsgefahr in der Ukraine verantwortlich, CPUSA, 21. Januar 2022, https://peoplesworld.org/article/the-west-not-russia-is-responsible-for-the-war-danger-in-ukraine/
[11] Gemeinsame Erklärung der Russischen Föderation und der Volksrepublik China zu den internationalen Beziehungen, die in eine neue Ära eintreten, und zur globalen nachhaltigen Entwicklung, 4. Februar 2022, http://en.kremlin.ru/supplement/5770. Für eine kritische Analyse des Putin-Xi-Treffens siehe z.B. Michael Pröbsting: Die Bedeutung des Putin-Xi-Treffens. Russland und China ziehen gegen ihre imperialistischen Rivalen an einem Strang, 5. Februar 2022, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/significance-of-putin-xi-meeting/
[12] PCP: Kommuniqué des Zentralkomitees der PCP vom 1. Februar 2022, http://www.solidnet.org/article/Portuguese-CP-Communique-of-the-Central-Committee-of-the-PCP-of-February-1-2022/
[13] Aufruf zum Handeln: Kein Krieg mit Russland wegen der Ukraine, 29. Januar 2022, https://popularresistance.org/nowarwithrussia/?link_id=0&can_id=8adf930454a2e45589616230720f774d&source=email-us-peace-council-statement-the-escalating-crisis-in-ukraine-poses-an-imminent-threat-to-world-peace&email_referrer=email_1426203&email_subject=call-to-action-stop-the-war-with-russia-over-ukraine
[14] R Arun Kumar: Imperialist Designs in Ukraine, CPI(M), 30. Januar 2022, https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2022/0130_pd/imperialist-designs-ukraine
5. Putin und der großrussische Chauvinismus behaupten, die Ukraine sei keine unabhängige Nation
Kommen wir nun zu einem anderen Thema, das nicht weniger wichtig ist. Die Unterstützung des russischen Imperialismus und seiner Forderungen durch die Stalinisten geht oft Hand in Hand mit der Propagierung des Standpunkts des großrussischen Chauvinismus in Bezug auf die Ukraine. Bekanntlich hat Moskau stets die Existenz einer eigenständigen ukrainischen Nation geleugnet oder behauptet, dass sie der russischen Nation "natürlicherweise" nahe stehe. Mit anderen Worten: Die Ukrainer haben angeblich keinen Grund, sich dagegen zu wehren, Teil des "Russkij Mir" (der russischen Welt) zu sein. [1]
Seit vielen Jahren leugnet das Putin-Regime das Recht des ukrainischen Volkes auf einen eigenen, unabhängigen Staat. [2] Im Juli 2021 veröffentlichte Präsident Putin einen langen Aufsatz mit dem Titel "Über die historische Einheit von Russen und Ukrainern". Es handelt sich dabei um eine Art Manifest, das vom Kreml selbst übersetzt und veröffentlicht wurde und offiziell die Ansichten des russischen Präsidenten über die Ukraine widerspiegelt. [3]
Im Grunde genommen vertritt dieser Aufsatz den Standpunkt eines unverhohlenen großrussischen Chauvinismus. Putin leugnet die Existenz einer ukrainischen Nation. Er behauptet, Russen und Ukrainer seien "ein Volk - ein einziges Ganzes". An anderer Stelle meint er, dass Russen, Ukrainer und Weißrussen eine "einzige große Nation, eine dreieinige Nation" bilden würden. Seine Schlussfolgerung ist, dass die Ukraine eine enge Einheit mit Russland eingehen, d. h. Moskaus Vasall werden sollte. ("Ich bin überzeugt, dass eine echte Souveränität der Ukraine nur in Partnerschaft mit Russland möglich ist. ").
Nach Putins Ansicht sind die Hauptschuldigen für den ukrainischen Separatismus Lenin und die Bolschewiki. Er macht vor allem die Politik der Bolschewiki verantwortlich – die sogenannte Korenisazija (was so viel wie "nationale Verwurzelung" bedeutet; die englische Version von Putins Aufsatz übersetzt diese Kategorie irreführenderweise mit "Lokalisierungspolitik", was ihr das nationale Elements beraubt). Mit dieser Politik ermöglichten die Bolschewiki nicht-russischen Völkern die freie Entfaltung ihrer Kultur, Sprache, Literatur usw. [4] Später hat der Stalinismus diese Reformen zurückgedrängt und den großrussischen Chauvinismus gefördert. Für Putin ist die leninistische Nationalitätenpolitik ein Übel.
"Die Lokalisierungspolitik spielte zweifelsohne eine wichtige Rolle bei der Entwicklung und Konsolidierung der ukrainischen Kultur, Sprache und Identität. Gleichzeitig wurde die Ukrainisierung unter dem Deckmantel der Bekämpfung des sogenannten russischen Großmachtchauvinismus häufig denjenigen aufgezwungen, die sich nicht als Ukrainer verstanden. Diese sowjetische Nationalpolitik sicherte auf staatlicher Ebene die Bestimmung von drei getrennten slawischen Völkern: Russen, Ukrainer und Weißrussen, anstelle der großen russischen Nation - ein dreigliedriges Volk bestehend aus Welikorussen, Malorussen und Weißrussen. "
Ähnlich schlecht war nach Putins Ansicht die Politik der Bolschewiki, den Nationen das Recht zuzugestehen, ihren Status frei zu bestimmen, einschließlich des Rechts, einen eigenen Staat zu bilden. "1922, als die UdSSR gegründet wurde und die Ukrainische Sozialistische Sowjetrepublik zu ihren Gründern gehörte, führte eine ziemlich heftige Debatte unter den bolschewistischen Führern zur Umsetzung von Lenins Plan, einen Unionsstaat als Föderation gleichberechtigter Republiken zu bilden. Das Recht der Republiken, sich frei von der Union zu lösen, wurde in den Text der Erklärung über die Gründung der Union der Sozialistischen Sowjetrepubliken und später in die Verfassung der UdSSR von 1924 aufgenommen. Damit legten die Verfasser im Fundament unserer Staatlichkeit eine höchst gefährliche Zeitbombe, die in dem Moment explodierte, in dem der Sicherheitsmechanismus, der durch die führende Rolle der KPdSU gegeben war, wegfiel und die Partei selbst von innen heraus kollabierte. Es folgte eine "Parade der Souveränitäten"."
Daher haben die bösen Bolschewiken "uns Russen beraubt". "Die bolschewistischen Führer hackten das Land in Stücke. Wir können über kleine Details, Hintergründe und die Logik hinter bestimmten Entscheidungen unterschiedlicher Meinung sein. Eine Tatsache ist glasklar: Russland wurde in der Tat beraubt. "
Diese Auszüge aus Putins Aufsatz zeigen deutlich, dass der Kreml die Ukraine nicht als eigenständige Nation betrachtet, sondern als Teil einer großrussischen "dreieinige Nation". Daher haben die Ukrainer keine eigene Zukunft, da sie nur souverän sein können, wenn sie Russland sehr nahe stehen, d.h. wenn sie Teil des "Russkij Mir" werden.
6. Stalinismus versus Bolschewismus: Die Ukraine und das nationale Selbstbestimmungsrecht
Immerhin kann man Putin in einem Punkt zustimmen: Seine Politik ist in der Tat dem Ansatz Lenins diametral entgegengesetzt! Die Bolschewiki kämpften konsequent gegen alle Formen des großrussischen Chauvinismus. Sie erkannten nicht nur die Existenz einer eigenständigen ukrainischen Nation an, sondern traten auch für deren Selbstbestimmungsrecht ein, einschließlich des Rechts, einen eigenen Staat zu bilden.
" Wir großrussischen Proletarier, die wir keinerlei Privilegien verteidigen, verteidigen auch dieses Privileg nicht. Wir kämpfen auf dem Boden des gegebenen Staates, vereinigen die Arbeiter aller Nationen des gegebenen Staates, wir können uns nicht für diesen oder jenen Weg der nationalen Entwicklung verbürgen, wir verfolgen auf allen möglichen Wegen unser Klassenziel. Aber dieses Ziel kann man nicht verfolgen, ohne gegen jeden Nationalismus zu kämpfen und ohne die Gleichheit der verschiedenen Nationen zu verfechten. Ob es zum Beispiel der Ukraine beschieden sein wird, einen selbständigen Staat zu bilden, das hängt von 1000 Faktoren ab, die im voraus nicht bekannt sind. Und ohne zu versuchen, ins Blaue hinein zu „raten", treten wir entschieden für das ein, was außer Zweifel steht: das Recht der Ukraine auf einen solchen Staat. Wir achten dieses Recht, wir unterstützen nicht die Privilegien der Großrussen gegenüber den Ukrainern, wir erziehen die Massen im Geiste der Anerkennung dieses Rechts, im Geiste der Ablehnung staatlicher Privilegien einer Nation, welche es auch sei." [5]
Daher erklärten die Bolschewiki in ihrem offiziellen Programm, das 1919 verabschiedet wurde " Um das Mißtrauen der werktätigen Massen der unterdrückten Länder gegenüber dem Proletariat der Staaten, die diese Länder unterdrückt haben, zu überwinden, ist die Aufhebung jedweder Privilegien für jegliche nationale Gruppe, die völlige Gleichberechtigung der Nationen, die Anerkennung des Rechts der Kolonien und nichtgleichberechtigten Nationen auf staatliche Lostrennung notwendig." [6]
Es ist besonders beschämend, dass verschiedene stalinistische Parteien nicht nur die Politik des russischen Imperialismus unterstützen, sondern sogar dessen großrussische Ideologie wiederholen. In Anlehnung an die Kreml-Propaganda behaupten sie, dass sich Ukrainer und Russen sehr nahe stehen, dass es keine Geschichte der nationalen Unterdrückung gibt und dass es folglich keinen Grund für eine unabhängige Existenz der Ukraine gibt. Nehmen wir die berüchtigte KPRF unter der Führung von Gennadi Sjuganow. Er veröffentlichte Anfang Februar einen bemerkenswerten Appell an das "brüderliche Volk der Ukraine". [7]
Dieser "Appell" erinnert die Ukrainer an die langjährige historische Verbundenheit des russischen und des ukrainischen Volkes. Der Westen, belehrt Sjuganow die "unwissenden Brüder und Schwestern", habe immer versucht, uns zu spalten. "Unsere Freundschaft ist mehr als einmal angegriffen worden. Es gab eine Zeit, in der sich der Feind als listige päpstliche Legaten verkleidete, die die südrussischen Fürstentümer in den katholischen Schoß ziehen wollten." Leider wurden die "brüderlichen Beziehungen" nicht nur durch den katholischen Papst, sondern auch durch viele andere Feinde auf die Probe gestellt. Natürlich prangert Sjuganow die Vernebelung durch das "Gerücht über eine 'Moskauer Invasion'" seitens der "Weltoligarchie" an, die "ihr antirussisches Projekt verstärkt und gefährliche Provokationen inszeniert." Es scheint, dass die Vernebelung so massiv ist, dass der KPRF-Führer die 100.000 russischen Truppen an der Grenze zur Ukraine nicht sehen kann. Zumindest erwähnt er diese nicht ganz unwichtige Tatsache in seinem langen Offenen Brief kein einziges Mal!
Sjuganow versucht auch, die Sympathien der ukrainischen "Brüder und Schwestern" zu gewinnen, indem er sie an die glorreichen Zeiten erinnert, als die stalinistische UdSSR noch existierte und die Ukrainer die Vorteile der Moskauer Weisheit genossen. "Schlaue Köpfe träumen davon, aus dem Bewusstsein unseres Volkes die Tatsache auszulöschen, dass die sowjetische Ukraine in der Sowjetunion geachtet und geliebt wurde. Man freute sich über ihre Erfolge. Sie trugen zum gemeinsamen Erbe eines großen und mächtigen Landes bei, in dem die Bürger nicht durch Nationalität und Sprache getrennt waren. "Aber warum in aller Welt bestanden und bestehen die meisten Ukrainer auf ihren eigenen unabhängigen Staat, wenn das Leben in der stalinistischen UdSSR so angenehm war? Warum hat sich die Ukraine (und viele andere Staaten) nach 1991 entschieden, die UdSSR zu verlassen?! Und wenn die russischen Panzer nicht gewesen wären, hätte das tschetschenische Volk jetzt auch seinen unabhängigen Staat. [8]
Aber warum sollten sich die Stalinisten um solche historischen Fakten kümmern?! Und überhaupt, wenn die undankbaren Völker die Vorteile der russischen Herrschaft vergessen haben, Pech für sie! Wer nicht hören will, muss fühlen. Putin wird ihnen die Vorteile der Moskauer Herrschaft vor Augen führen - ob sie wollen oder nicht!
Es ist daher kein Zufall, dass Sjuganow die Unabhängigkeit der Ukraine in seinem Offenen Brief nur zweimal erwähnt. Einmal als eine Verschwörung der westlichen Staaten und das zweite Mal als eine gefährliche Idee des Naziführers Arthur Rosenberg! Ratet mal, wie viel Unabhängigkeit dem ukrainischen Volk zugestanden würde, wenn die KPRF und ihr Meister Putin ihren Willen bekämen?!
Aber die KPRF ist nur die offenherzigste großrussische chauvinistische Partei. Ihre internationalen Verbündeten teilen im Grunde diesen Ansatz. So schreibt zum Beispiel die CPUSA: "Es ist auch nützlich, sich ein wenig an die Geschichte der Ukraine und Russlands zu erinnern. Sie sind historisch eng miteinander verbunden. Der russische Staat entstand vor Jahrhunderten in Kiew, der heutigen Hauptstadt der Ukraine, und in der Neuzeit waren beide Teil der Sowjetunion. In jenen Jahren hatte die Ukraine einen höheren Lebensstandard als alle anderen Sowjetrepubliken, einschließlich Russland. Damals wie heute sind 40 % oder mehr der Bevölkerung der Ukraine Russen. Der produktive, industriell geprägte Teil der Ukraine im Osten ist sprachlich und ethnisch fast vollständig russisch. Millionen von Familien im Land werden von Eltern verschiedener Ethnien geführt, von denen eine ukrainisch und die andere russisch ist. Selbst Volodymyr Zelensky, der heutige Präsident der Ukraine, war ein bekannter russischsprachiger Komiker, bevor er für dieses Amt kandidierte. Nach seiner Wahl begann er jedoch, Ukrainisch zu sprechen. Kurz gesagt: Es sollte keine ethnische Grundlage für Feindseligkeiten zwischen der Ukraine und Russland geben." [9]
Die gleiche Idee findet man in Artikeln anderer stalinistischer Parteien. Die indische CPI(M) zum Beispiel erklärt: "Die Ukraine und Russland teilen eine gemeinsame Geschichte und familiäre Bindungen. " [10] Am Rande sei bemerkt, dass es kein Zufall ist, dass die CPI(M) selbst eine lange Geschichte der Anpassung an den indischen Chauvinismus gegenüber nationalen und ethnischen Minderheiten auf dem Subkontinent hat, die in der Leugnung des Selbstbestimmungsrechts dieser Nationalitäten und der Weigerung, den legitimen Widerstand dieser unterdrückten Völker zu unterstützen, resultiert. [11]
All diese Stalinisten erwähnen mit keinem Wort die Tatsache, dass die ukrainische Nation seit Beginn ihrer Existenz bis zur Auflösung der UdSSR im Jahr 1991 die meiste Zeit von Russland unterdrückt wurde! Die Ukraine stand Russland "nahe", weil Russland sie dazu zwang, indem es sie besetzte und unterdrückte!
Natürlich kann man nicht leugnen, dass es Bindungen zwischen der Ukraine und Russland gibt. Aber erstens gibt es auch historische Bindungen zwischen der Ukraine und Polen, Weißrussland, Moldawien, mit den Krimtataren usw. All diese Bindungen bestehen. Die Aufgabe der Sozialisten ist es, gegen alle nationalistischen Vorurteile zwischen diesen Nationen einzutreten und diese Bindungen zu intensivieren, um die Einheit der Menschen über die nationalen Grenzen hinaus zu fördern. Aber alle diese Bindungen müssen auf freiwilliger Vereinbarung beruhen und nicht auf Druck und Gewalt!
Zweitens, und das ist noch wichtiger, hat die historische Beziehung der nationalen Unterdrückung das ukrainische Volk sehr empfindlich gegenüber solchen Angeboten der russischen "Brüderlichkeit" gemacht. Die Existenz einer eigenständigen ukrainischen Nation mit eigener Sprache und Kultur wurde unter der Herrschaft des Zarismus vor 1917 einfach geleugnet. Alle öffentlichen Äußerungsversuche einer eigenen ukrainischen Nation wurden brutal unterdrückt. Die Periode des echten Bolschewismus nach der Oktoberrevolution führte zwar zu einer spektakulären Blütezeit der nationalen Entwicklung der Ukraine (siehe die oben erwähnte Politik der Korenisazija), konnte aber nicht lange andauern, da in den 1920er Jahren die stalinistische Bürokratie die Macht übernahm. Von da an förderte Moskau den großrussischen Chauvinismus auf Kosten der kleineren Völker - einschließlich der Ukrainer. [12]
Eine besonders traumatische Erfahrung war die stalinistische Politik der Zwangskollektivierung seit Ende der 1920er Jahre, die verheerende Folgen für die armen Bauern und damit auch für die Völker hatte, für die die Landwirtschaft eine zentrale Rolle spielte. Auch wenn die genauen Zahlen umstritten sind, besteht kein Zweifel daran, dass während der Großen Hungersnot 1932-33 mehrere Millionen Menschen starben, darunter viele Ukrainer. Leo Trotzki stellte in "Die verratene Revolution" - seinem umfassendsten Werk über den Stalinismus - fest, dass die UdSSR in dieser Zeit "aufs neue zur Arena des Bürgerkriegs, Hungers und der Seuchen wurde" wurde. [13] Diesmal wurde diese Katastrophe jedoch nicht durch ausländische Invasoren und weiße Konterrevolutionäre verursacht, sondern durch die stalinistische Bürokratie selbst!
Es erklärt sich von selbst, dass dies eine traumatische Erfahrung für das ukrainische Volk war. Es gibt eine umfangreiche Literatur über diese Tragödie, die auch die Frage erörtert, ob diese Hungersnot von Stalin beabsichtigt war, um das ukrainische Volk zu unterjochen (der "Holodomor"). [14]
Die von Leo Trotzki geführte Vierte Internationale, die ihren Ursprung in der Linken Opposition innerhalb der Kommunistischen Partei gegen die stalinistische Führung ab 1923 hatte, war stets gegen die Nationalitätenpolitik des Regimes und verteidigte die Rechte der kleineren Völker. Ende der 1930er Jahre zog Trotzki aus der Erfahrung der nationalen Unterdrückung des ukrainischen Volkes den Schluss, dass die Sozialisten für die Losung einer "vereinigten, freien und unabhängigen Arbeiter- und Bauernsowjetukraine" eintreten sollten. ". Eine solche "Arbeiter- und Bauern-Ukraine" müsse "im Kampf gegen den Imperialismus auf der einen und gegen den Moskauer Bonapartismus auf der anderen Seite" verteidigt werden." [15]
Um auf die aktuelle Situation zurückzukommen: Angesichts dieser historischen Erfahrungen ist es kaum verwunderlich, dass die große Mehrheit der ukrainischen Bevölkerung jede Form der russischen Besatzung entschieden ablehnt. Jüngsten Umfragen zufolge wäre ein Drittel der ukrainischen Bürger bereit, im Falle einer russischen Invasion "bewaffneten Widerstand" zu leisten! [16]
Man kann Putin nicht dafür kritisieren, dass er die bolschewistische Politik der nationalen Selbstbestimmung ablehnt. Er ist kein Kommunist und behauptet nicht einmal, einer zu sein. Er ist ein Klassenfeind und der imperialistische Gendarm Eurasiens. Aber was ist die Ausrede der Stalinisten, die sich "Kommunisten" nennen und behaupten in der Tradition Lenins zu stehen?! Lenin pflegte über russische Kommunisten, die sich dem Chauvinismus nicht konsequent entgegenstellten, zu sagen: "Kratze manch einen Kommunisten, und du wirst auf einen großrussischen Chauvinisten stoßen." [17] Aber im Falle des modernen Stalinismus braucht man gar nicht zu kratzen, um ihre reaktionäre Anpassung an den Chauvinismus zu erkennen!
Am Rande sei darauf hingewiesen, dass die Ukraine kein Einzelfall ist, wie wir bereits in anderen Arbeiten dargelegt haben. Es ist ein allgemeines Merkmal des Stalinismus, dass er sich dem Chauvinismus der dominierenden Nationen anpasst. [18]
Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass sich die Stalinisten so wenig an die ursprünglichen Prinzipien des Lenin’schen Programms halten, wie sich die korrupten Bischöfe im Mittelalter an die Lehren des Neuen Testaments hielten! Lenins Anprangerung trifft voll und ganz auf diese Epigonen zu: "die Sozialisten Rußlands, welche die Freiheit der Abtrennung Finnlands, Polens, der Ukraine u. a. nicht verlangen, usw. - daß solche Sozialisten als Chauvinisten, als Lakaien der von Blut und Schmutz triefenden imperialistischen Monarchien und imperialistischen Bourgeoisie handeln.." [19]
[1] Siehe dazu z.B. Kapitel II in der Broschüre von Michael Pröbsting: Der Aufstand in der Ostukraine und der russische Imperialismus. Eine Analyse der jüngsten Entwicklungen im ukrainischen Bürgerkrieg und ihre Konsequenzen für die revolutionäre Taktik, 22. Oktober 2014, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/ukraine-and-russian-imperialism/
[2] Björn Alexander Düben: "Es gibt keine Ukraine": Fact-Checking the Kremlin's Version of Ukrainian History, 1.7.2020, https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lseih/2020/07/01/there-is-no-ukraine-fact-checking-the-kremlins-version-of-ukrainian-history/
[3] Artikel von Wladimir Putin "Über die historische Einheit von Russen und Ukrainern", 12. Juli 2021, http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/66181
[4] Es gibt eine umfangreiche Literatur über die Nationalitätenpolitik in der frühen Sowjetunion. Die beiden besten Bücher sind von Terry Martin: The Affirmative Action Empire. Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939, Cornell University Press, Ithaca 2001, und von Jeremy Smith: Red Nations: The Nationalities Experience in and after the USSR, Cambridge University Press, New York 2013; weitere informative Bücher sind von Richard Pipes: The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917-1923, Revised Edition, Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1997; Hélène Carrère d'Encausse: Die große Herausforderung. Nationalities and the Bolshevik State, 1917-1930. Holmes und Meier, New York 1992. Siehe auch unser Pamphlet von Yossi Schwartz: Die nationale Frage. The Marxist Approach to the Struggle of the Oppressed People, August 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/the-national-question/
[5] W.I. Lenin: Über das Selbstbestimmungsrecht der Nationen (1914), in: LW Bd. 20, S. 416f.
[6] Programm der RKP(b): angenommen am 22. März 1919 auf dem Achten Kongress der Russischen Kommunistischen Partei; in: Robert H. McNeal und Richard Gregor: Resolutionen und Beschlüsse der Kommunistischen Partei der Sowjetunion, Bd. 2, The Early Soviet Period: 1917-1929, University of Toronto Press, Toronto 1974, S.61
[7] Gennadi Sjuganow: An das brüderliche Volk der Ukraine, KPRF, 7.2.2022 http://www.solidnet.org/article/CP-of-the-Russian-Federation-To-the-fraternal-people-of-Ukraine/
[8] Siehe z.B. Where does the RCIT Stand on Russia's Occupation of Chechnya? https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/russia-and-chechnya/; Russische Truppen raus! Selbstbestimmung für Tschetschenien!, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/freedom-for-chechnya/ ; siehe auch Kampf gegen den russischen Kapitalismus und Imperialismus im In- und Ausland! Provisorische Plattform der Revolutionären Kommunisten (Russische Föderation), September 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/rcit/platform-of-rcit-russia/
[9] John Wojcik: Der Westen, nicht Russland, ist für die Kriegsgefahr in der Ukraine verantwortlich, CPUSA, 21. Januar 2022, https://peoplesworld.org/article/the-west-not-russia-is-responsible-for-the-war-danger-in-ukraine/
[10] R Arun Kumar: Imperialist Designs in Ukraine, CPI(M), 30. Januar 2022, https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2022/0130_pd/imperialist-designs-ukraine
[11] Siehe dazu z.B. eine Broschüre von Michael Pröbsting: Die Kaschmirfrage und die indische Linke heute. Marxismus, Stalinismus und Zentrismus zum nationalen Befreiungskampf des kaschmirischen Volkes, 26. September 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/kashmir-question-and-indian-left-today/
[12] Zur stalinistischen Politik in der Ukraine siehe z.B. George Liber: Soviet nationality policy, urban growth, and identity change in the Ukrainian SSR 1923-1934, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1992, S. 145-174; siehe auch: Serhy Yekelchyk: Stalin's Empire of Memory. Russian-Ukrainian Relations in the Soviet Historical Imagination, University of Toronto Press, Toronto 2004
[13] Leon Trotsky: Die verratene Revolution. Was ist die Sowjetunion und wohin geht sie? (1936), Pathfinder Press, New York 1972, S. 190
[14] Siehe z. B. Robert Conquest: The Harvest of Sorrow. Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine, Oxford University Press, New York 1986; Anne Applebaum: Red Famine: Stalin's War on Ukraine, Penguin Randomhouse, New York 2017; Andrea Graziosi: Die sowjetischen Hungersnöte 1931-1933 und der ukrainische Holodomor: Is a New Interpretation Possible, and What Would Its Consequences, in: Harvard Ukrainian Studies, Vol. 27, No. 1/4 (2004-2005), S. 97-115; für eine marxistische Diskussion siehe z.B. die Arbeiten des verstorbenen Wadim S. Rogowin, eines hervorragenden trotzkistischen Historikers in Russland. Siehe z. B. Wadim S. Rogowin: Stalins Kriegskommunismus, Mehring Verlag, Essen 2010, S. 377-383; siehe auch Louis Proyect: Socialism Betrayed? Inside the Ukrainian Holodomor, 24. Februar 2017, http://www.counterpunch.org/2017/02/24/socialism-betrayed-inside-the-ukrainian-holodomor/
[15] Leo Trotzki: Die ukrainische Frage (1939), in: Writings of Leon Trotsky, 1938-39, Pathfinder Press, New York 1974, S. 304 und 306; siehe auch Trotzkis Folgeartikel: Die Unabhängigkeit der Ukraine und sektiererische Wirrköpfe (1939), in: Writings of Leon Trotsky, 1939-40, Pathfinder Press, New York 1973, S. 44-54
[16] Dan Sabbagh: Was wären Russlands militärische Optionen in der Ukraine? 10. Januar 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/10/what-would-be-russia-military-options-in-ukraine-invasion
[17] W. I. Lenin: Schlusswort zum Bericht über das Parteiprogramm, Achter Kongress der R.C.P.(B.) 18.-23. März 1919, in: LW Vol. 29, S. 181
[18] Siehe z.B. Michael Pröbsting: Stalinisten unterstützen serbischen Expansionismus gegen Kosovo-Albaner. Ein weiteres Beispiel für den Flirt stalinistischer Parteien mit der Seuche des erzreaktionären Chauvinismus, 13. Dezember 2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/stalinists-support-serbian-expansionism-against-kosovo-albanians/; vom selben Autor: Stalinistischer Chauvinismus: Das Beispiel der griechischen KKE. Ist die "Verteidigung der souveränen Rechte Griechenlands" gegen die Türkei und Mazedonien legitim? Marxistischer Internationalismus versus bürgerlicher Sozialchauvinismus, 12. November 2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/the-greek-kke-and-stalinist-chauvinism/; siehe auch die oben genannten Schriften zum indischen Stalinismus und seinem Umgang mit den nationalen Minderheiten des Landes. Die gleiche chauvinistische Arroganz kann man auch in der Unterstützung der Stalinisten für die Han-chauvinistische Politik des chinesischen Regimes gegen muslimische Uiguren und andere unterdrückte Völker sehen.
[19] W.I. Lenin: Die sozialistische Revolution und das Selbstbestimmungsrecht der Völker (1916), in: LW Bd. 22, S. 156
7. Von Kasachstan bis Syrien: Der Stalinismus schlägt sich auf die Seite der Konterrevolution
Die Unterstützung der stalinistischen Parteien für den russischen Imperialismus lässt sich nicht einfach mit nostalgischen Erinnerungen an die "glorreichen" Zeiten der UdSSR erklären, als diese noch eine Supermacht war. Sie spiegelt vielmehr eine breite Zustimmung dieser Parteien zu der Agenda des Aufbaus einer alternativen imperialistischen Ordnung wider, in der die amerikanische Hegemonie durch eine "multipolare Ordnung" ersetzt wird, in welcher Russland und China eine entscheidende Rolle spielen.
Infolgedessen unterstützen diese stalinistischen Parteien nicht nur die Bemühungen Pekings und Moskaus, der Außenpolitik Washingtons entgegenzuwirken. Sie unterstützen auch Russlands (und Chinas) Bestreben, ihren Einfluss auszuweiten, indem sie reaktionäre Diktaturen unterstützen, die Volksaufstände in ihren Ländern brutal niederschlagen. Die konterrevolutionäre Haltung der russischen KPRF und ihrer stalinistischen Verbündeten gegen den Volksaufstand in Kasachstan ist nur das jüngste Beispiel. [1] Wie wir an anderer Stelle gezeigt haben, verleumden viele Stalinisten den jüngsten Aufstand der Arbeiter und Armen gegen das autoritär-kapitalistische Regime von Tokajew als "CIA-gesteuerte Farben-Revolution". Folglich unterstützten diese Stalinisten den Einsatz russischer Truppen, die - Hand in Hand mit den Schergen des Regimes - für eine blutige Niederschlagung des Aufstandes sorgten, bei der Hunderte von Menschen starben und bis zu 8.000 verhaftet wurden. [2]
Die CPI(M) ist eine weitere dieser reaktionären stalinistischen Parteien, die die Konterrevolution von Putin/Tokajew in Kasachstan bedingungslos unterstützt. "Ohne irgendeine Lehre aus ihrer interventionistischen Haltung zu ziehen und ihre kriegerische Politik fortzusetzen, versuchen die USA nun, ihre Nase in ein weiteres zentralasiatisches Land, Kasachstan, zu stecken. Der Grund ist wieder derselbe wie in der Ukraine - sie wollen in diesem Land, das lange Grenzen sowohl mit Russland als auch mit China hat, eine US-freundliche Regierung einsetzen und die gesamte Region destabilisieren. Die Entwicklungen in der Ukraine und in Kasachstan spiegeln die Versuche der USA wider, ihre Hegemonie über die ganze Welt zu erlangen. Sie können den Aufstieg anderer Länder, insbesondere Chinas und Russlands, nicht tolerieren. Sie versuchen, die tiefe Krise, in der sich die USA befinden, zu überwinden, indem sie ihre militärische Macht gegen andere Länder einsetzen. Die Geschichte hat bewiesen, dass solche Versuche niemals erfolgreich sein werden. Die USA und ihre imperialistischen Verbündeten sollten noch einmal die gleiche Lektion lernen. Dies ist für das Überleben der Menschheit und den Weltfrieden unerlässlich. " [3]
Die jüngste Erklärung der irischen Stalinisten spiegelt wider, dass Putins Pudel auch in vielen anderen Ländern gegen Massenbewegungen eintreten. In der genannten Erklärung wird dem Westen vorgeworfen, dass er "die überwiegende Mehrheit der syrischen Rebellen ständig als etwas anderes als extreme islamische Dschihadisten darstellt; dass er ununterbrochen regelmäßige und oft erfolgreiche Versuche unternimmt, Farben-Revolutionen gegen Regierungen zu finanzieren (in Höhe von Milliarden von Dollar) und zu organisieren, die versuchen, ein gewisses Maß an Souveränität zu bewahren, nämlich Venezuela, Belarus, die Ukraine, Hongkong und Nicaragua. " [4]
Und die portugiesischen Stalinisten bringen dieselbe konterrevolutionäre Position in ihrer oben erwähnten Erklärung zum Ausdruck: "Das Zentralkomitee der PCP drückt seine Solidarität und Wertschätzung für den Widerstand Syriens und seines Volkes aus. " [5]
Wir bekräftigen unsere in mehreren RCIT-Dokumenten dargelegte Schlussfolgerung, dass die Parteinahme für die Assad-Tyrannei oder andere reaktionäre Diktaturen einmal mehr den durch und durch konterrevolutionären Charakter des Stalinismus offenbart. [6]
8. Ist der russische Imperialismus eine "Kraft des gesellschaftlichen Fortschritts"? Diskussion über ein bemerkenswertes stalinistisches Dokument
Wir möchten unseren Aufsatz mit der Besprechung eines interessanten Artikels abschließen, der von der Workers' Party of Ireland veröffentlicht wurde. Dieses Dokument ist bemerkenswert, weil es die theoretischen Schlussfolgerungen des stalinistischen Sozialimperialismus viel deutlicher darlegt, als es ihre Genossen normalerweise tun. Wir werden ausgiebig aus diesem Dokument zitieren, um seine Logik so vollständig wie möglich darzustellen. [7]
Im Grunde stellen die irischen Stalinisten eine gewisse historische Kontinuität zwischen der stalinistischen UdSSR - die ein degenerierter Arbeiterstaat war, in dem eine bürokratische Diktatur über eine Planwirtschaft herrschte [8] - und dem heutigen imperialistischen Russland. Sie geben zwar zu, dass Russland keineswegs mehr sozialistisch ist, betrachten es aber dennoch als eine "Kraft des gesellschaftlichen Fortschritts".
"Natürlich war und ist das erneuerte Russland weit von der alten UdSSR entfernt. Geographisch und demographisch ist es viel kleiner. Es bewahrt, wenn auch in wesentlich abgeschwächter Form, einige der oligarchischen Wirtschaftsstrukturen, die in den 1990er Jahren wie Pilze aus dem Boden schossen. Ihr fehlt daher die ideologische Ausrichtung der UdSSR, und sie verfolgt sowohl auf internationaler als auch auf nationaler Ebene eine wesentlich bescheidenere Agenda. Wie dem auch sei, allein die Tatsache, dass Russland darauf besteht, seine faktische Unabhängigkeit vom US-Imperium aufrechtzuerhalten, das selbst die Speerspitze eines globalen Kapitalismus ist, der alle kollektiven Identitäten von Klasse und Nation auf den Schrotthaufen der Geschichte verbannt, stellt eine ideologische Opposition dar, auch wenn sie im Vergleich zur UdSSR begrenzt ist.
Der Sozialismus erfordert staatliches Handeln, um voranzukommen. Staaten, die ihre Souveränität an das amerikanische Imperium abtreten oder auch nur in einem Abhängigkeitsverhältnis zu multinationalen Konzernen existieren, sind und können keine Träger des Sozialismus sein. Daher ist die Existenz von Staaten wie Kuba, Venezuela, Syrien und Russland trotz ihrer erheblichen Unterschiede und der in einigen Fällen bedauerlichen Abkehr vom Sozialismus ein wesentlicher Träger der Möglichkeit, eine Zukunft aufzubauen, die nicht von der US-geführten kapitalistischen Ordnung erstickt wird.
Diese Sichtweise bringt keine Illusionen über Russland oder seine Regierung mit sich. Sie haben deutlich gemacht, dass sie die UdSSR nicht wiederauferstehen lassen wollen, und sie haben die Kommunistische Partei der Russischen Föderation, die in Russland selbst weiterhin eine große Anhängerschaft hat, konsequent behindert. Die Frage, um die es hier geht, ist jedoch nicht die Innenpolitik Russlands, sondern die Notwendigkeit, einen blutigen Konflikt auf eine Weise zu vermeiden, die nicht die Unterwerfung Russlands unter das US-Imperium bedeutet. In dieser Hinsicht ist die Kommunistische Partei der Russischen Föderation nicht weniger patriotisch, und es ist nicht schwer, sich daran zu erinnern, dass es die Rote Armee war, die nicht nur die Oktoberrevolution, sondern auch die Existenz der russischen und anderer Nationen innerhalb der Sowjetunion verteidigt hat."
"Russland mag nicht mehr sozialistisch sein, und seine derzeitige defensive Ausrichtung auf internationaler Ebene mag eher auf eine schwache Position als auf ein definitives Bekenntnis zu abstrakten moralischen Idealen zurückzuführen sein, aber dennoch sind es die USA, die seit Jahrzehnten in der Welt randalieren; es sind die USA, die ihre militärische Reichweite bis an die Grenze Russlands ausdehnen und nicht umgekehrt; es sind die USA, die Neonazi- und Dschihad-Milizen finanzieren und bewaffnen. Man muss die Russen nicht als unschuldige Chorknaben betrachten, um die Realität des US-Imperialismus zu erkennen und wie er die Außenpolitik Russlands im Vergleich dazu als mild und vernünftig erscheinen lässt. "
"Noch einmal: Die Russische Föderation ist nicht die UdSSR und hat keine angeborenen ideologischen Vorbehalte gegen eine Partnerschaft mit den USA und der NATO. Ihr Fehler ist, dass sie dies auf der Grundlage der Gleichberechtigung tun möchte, während die Vereinigten Staaten Unterwerfung erwarten. Die Russen haben lange Zeit versucht, eine Beziehung zu den Vereinigten Staaten aufzubauen, aber jetzt, da die vollständige Eingliederung der Ukraine in die militärische Sphäre der USA bevorsteht, kalkulieren sie, dass sie mittelfristig nicht in der Lage sein werden, souverän zu bleiben, wenn ihre Sicherheit so direkt geschwächt wird. "
Es ist nicht notwendig, unsere Argumente zu wiederholen, dass die Idee einer immer noch bestehenden absoluten Hegemonie des US-Imperialismus ins Reich der stalinistischen Phantasie gehört und nichts mit dem Universum zu tun hat, in dem die heutige Menschheit lebt. Wir wollen vielmehr auf die Logik (oder deren Fehlen) hinweisen, die in diesen Absätzen dargestellt wird.
Die Stalinisten sehen sich gezwungen, zuzugeben, dass "Russland vielleicht nicht mehr sozialistisch ist". Eine kühne Behauptung, herzlichen Glückwunsch! Also, was ist es? Wäre es zu viel gesagt, dass Russland "kapitalistisch" geworden ist? Man sieht, dass die Stalinisten sich dieser Tatsache bewusst sind, aber versuchen, sie zu umgehen. Dies ist umso erstaunlicher, als bekanntlich die russische Wirtschaft von einer kleinen Zahl einheimischer Monopole beherrscht wird, die mit einer dünnen Schicht von Großkapitalisten verbunden sind.
Wie wir in unseren Studien über den russischen Imperialismus gezeigt haben, wird die russische Wirtschaft von mächtigen einheimischen Konzernen beherrscht. Vor einigen Jahren zeigte ein Bericht, dass die zweiunddreißig größten russischen Monopole fast 51 % des russischen BIP kontrollieren. [9] Eine kürzlich veröffentlichte Studie zeigt, dass das reichste 1 % der Bevölkerung Russlands einen höheren Anteil an Einkommen und Vermögen angehäuft hat, als es ihren Kollegen in den alten imperialistischen Ländern wie Großbritannien oder den USA gelungen ist. (Siehe Tabelle 1)
Tabelle 1. Einkommens- und Vermögenskonzentration in Russland, Großbritannien und den USA (2021) [10]
Anteil am Gesamtvolumen (%)
Einkommen Reichtum
Russland
Top 10% 46,4% 74,1%
Top 1% 21,5% 47,7%
UK
Top 10% 35,7% 57,1%
Top 1% 12,7% 21,3%
U.S.
Top 10% 45,5% 70,7%
Top 1% 18,8% 34,9%
Natürlich ist es verständlich, dass die Stalinisten der Frage des Klassencharakters Russlands aus dem Weg gehen wollen, denn wenn sie zugeben müssten, dass Russland kapitalistisch ist, dass es stark genug ist, um "vom US-Imperium" unabhängig zu bleiben, hätten sie Schwierigkeiten zu erklären, warum Russland nicht als imperialistische Macht (wenn auch schwächer als die USA) bezeichnet werden sollte.
Indem sie diese unbequeme Wahrheit vermeiden, gelingt es den irischen Stalinisten, Russland nicht nur als Herausforderer der USA darzustellen, sondern auch als "ideologische Opposition" zum "globalen Kapitalismus"! Das klingt auf jeden Fall viel besser als die Behauptung, Moskau vertrete die Interessen russischer Monopole, die mit ihren amerikanischen Pendants um Einflusssphären konkurrieren!
Die stalinistischen Verfasser dieses bemerkenswerten Dokuments ahnen jedoch, dass es sich bei der gegenwärtigen Weltlage nicht um eine Situation handelt, in der sich zwei unterschiedliche sozioökonomische Systeme gegenüberstehen. Es kommt ihnen sogar in den Sinn, dass die gegenwärtige Verschärfung der Rivalität zwischen den Großmächten die Situation vor 1914, d. h. vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg, widerspiegelt.
"Die gegenwärtige Krise erinnert an die Zeit vor 1914; eine lange Friedensperiode wird durch ständige Krisenerscheinungen unterminiert, die die Möglichkeit eines Krieges immer wahrscheinlicher werden lassen. Die anglo-amerikanischen Hegemonialmächte fürchten sich vor aufstrebenden industriellen Rivalen - damals Deutschland, heute China - und sind versucht, zuzuschlagen, bevor sie das volle Ausmaß ihrer Stärke erreichen können.
Seit 1914 haben sich jedoch viele grundlegende Unterschiede herausgebildet, nicht zuletzt die Möglichkeit eines nuklearen Endkonflikts, der dazu dient, die Möglichkeit einer Eskalation zu einem allgemeinen Weltkrieg zu verringern, aber nicht auszuschließen. Der andere wichtige Unterschied ist die vollendete Industrialisierung Russlands und Chinas und die damit einhergehende Lösung der Bauernfrage durch einen Prozess der Urbanisierung und Proletarisierung. Beide historischen Staaten waren in der Periode von 1914 extrem anfällig für Revolutionen, weil ihre Staatsform - Überbleibsel einer vorkapitalistischen Produktionsweise - in Widerspruch zu den Realitäten des Industriekapitalismus und den von ihm hervorgebrachten sozialen Beziehungen gebracht worden war. Dies ist heute nicht mehr der Fall."
Man kann darüber diskutieren, ob es stimmt, dass Russland und China heute nicht "anfällig für Revolutionen" sind. Aber im Grunde haben die irischen Stalinisten mit diesem historischen Vergleich recht. Umso erstaunlicher ist es, dass ihnen nicht in den Sinn kommt, dass Marxisten die Rivalität zwischen den Großmächten 1914 und in den Jahren davor als Konflikte zwischen imperialistischen Staaten bezeichnet haben! Haben sie vergessen, dass Lenin und die Bolschewiki jede Unterstützung für eines der beiden imperialistischen Lager anprangerten?! Wie wir oben gezeigt haben, waren sich die Marxisten damals durchaus bewusst, dass die Großmächte nicht "gleich" waren, dass das eine Lager (Großbritannien und Frankreich) viel größere koloniale Besitzungen hatte als das andere (Deutschland). Aber kein echter Marxist kam damals zu dem Schluss, sich auf die Seite Deutschlands gegen "das britische Empire" zu stellen! Die Tatsache, dass die Stalinisten die Ähnlichkeit der heutigen Situation mit der vor 1914 erkennen, zeigt sowohl ihre historische Einsicht als auch ihre Verachtung für die internationalistischen und anti-imperialistischen Prinzipien des Marxismus!
Schließlich gibt es noch eine weitere charakteristische Schlussfolgerung in diesem bemerkenswerten Dokument, die Beachtung verdient. Auch hier muss man das Bestreben der Autoren bewundern, ihre Logik bis zum Ende zu entwickeln, da dies dazu beiträgt, den reaktionären Charakter des Stalinismus offen zu legen.
"Die Wiedererlangung der Staatsmacht gegenüber dem Kapital, selbst durch eine Regierung, die sich nicht auf die Arbeiterklasse stützt, würde an sich schon eine Verbesserung der objektiven Bedingungen für Sozialisten bedeuten. Der spezifische Schritt, der erforderlich ist, besteht darin, dass die Vereinigten Staaten einen großen Rückschlag erleiden, so dass sie nicht mehr als Gendarm für die westliche Bourgeoisie fungieren können. Während die USA auf einen inneren Zusammenbruch hinzuarbeiten scheinen, würde ein bedeutender militärischer Rückschlag dazu dienen, den Abbau ihrer Vorherrschaft im Ausland zu beschleunigen und Raum für die Wiedererlangung der Staatsmacht in einem breiteren Maßstab zu schaffen. (...) In diesem engen Sinne der staatlichen Souveränität liegt es, dass Russland trotz seines Sturzes aus der UdSSR noch als Agent des gesellschaftlichen Fortschritts dienen kann."
Die "Wiedererlangung der Staatsgewalt" durch eine "Nicht-Arbeiterklasse-Regierung" würde also "die objektiven Bedingungen für Sozialisten" verbessern. Wie könnte eine solche "Nicht-Arbeiterklassen-Regierung" aussehen? Offensichtlich haben die Stalinisten die Art von Regierung im Sinn, die ihrer Meinung nach derzeit das "US-Imperium" herausfordert. Mit anderen Worten, sie haben eine Regierung wie das Putin-Regime vor Augen. Es sei daran erinnert, dass sie dieses Regime oder Russland selbst in ihrem Dokument nicht als "kapitalistisch" bezeichnen - kein einziges Mal, trotz der beachtlichen Länge von mehr als 2.300 Wörtern!
Letztlich liegt eine solche Befürwortung des Regimes vom Typ Putin als Fortschritt in der Logik des Stalinismus. In den 1930er Jahren vertraten die Stalinisten die berüchtigte "Volksfront"-Politik - ein Bündnis, das sie mit kapitalistischen Parteien eingingen. Solche Regierungen waren auch "Nicht-Arbeiterklasse-Regierungen", die angeblich "die objektiven Bedingungen für Sozialisten" verbesserten. Tatsächlich retteten solche "Volksfront"-Regierungen die Herrschaft der Bourgeoisie in kritischen Situationen und führten immer zur Niederlage der Arbeiterklasse (z. B. Spanien und Frankreich 1936-39). In der Regel wurden die Stalinisten aus solchen Regierungen hinausgeworfen, nachdem sie ihre Nützlichkeit für die Kapitalistenklasse verloren hatten (z. B. in Frankreich, Italien und Österreich im Jahr 1947).
Auf der Grundlage einer solchen politischen Methode der Klassenkollaboration suchte der Stalinismus auch nach Bündnissen mit imperialistischen Mächten. In den 1930er Jahren traten Moskau und seine internationalen Lakaien für ein Bündnis Großbritanniens, Frankreichs und der USA gegen Nazi-Deutschland ein. Zu diesem Zweck bezeichneten sie diese Mächte selten als "imperialistisch". Als sich die außenpolitischen Interessen Moskaus änderten, wurde die ganze heuchlerische Ideologie auf den Kopf gestellt. Zwischen 1939 und 1941, in der Zeit des Hitler-Stalin-Paktes, richtete sich das Feuer der Stalinisten gegen den "plutokratischen" westlichen Imperialismus, während das "friedliebende" Nazi-Deutschland viel vorsichtiger behandelt wurde. [11] Darüber hinaus lieferte Moskau sogar eine Reihe von deutschen und österreichischen Kommunisten an die Gestapo aus. [12] In dieser Zeit prangerte der Stalinismus Großbritannien und Frankreich als "brutale Kolonialherren" an, die die Völker in Asien und Afrika unterdrückten. Als die Nazis im Juni 1941 in die UdSSR einmarschierten - zur völligen Überraschung von Stalin und Molotow - änderte sich natürlich wieder alles. Großbritannien und Frankreich wurden nicht mehr als unterdrückerische Imperialisten, sondern als demokratische, antifaschistische Verbündete betrachtet. Die Verbündeten änderten sich, aber die Methode der politischen Heuchelei und der prinzipienlosen Manöver der Stalinisten mit den imperialistischen Mächten blieb die gleiche!
Das Dokument der Workers' Party of Ireland zeigt, dass der Stalinismus weiterhin mit denselben Methoden aus den 1930er und 1940er Jahren operiert, angewandt auf die heutigen Bedingungen. Die Namen und Staaten ändern sich - statt Roosevelt, Churchill und Hitler sind es Putin (und Xi), die helfen, "die objektiven Bedingungen für Sozialisten" zu verbessern. Die stalinistische Logik ist sowohl bemerkenswert als auch abstoßend: Der Antiimperialismus wird durch einen unverhohlenen Sozialimperialismus ersetzt und der russische Imperialismus dient als "Agent des gesellschaftlichen Fortschritts"!
Wie bereits erwähnt, wird die Logik des Stalinismus in dem irischen Dokument deutlicher zum Ausdruck gebracht. Letztlich ist es aber repräsentativ für die Herangehensweise der meisten stalinistischen Parteien. Das folgende Zitat aus dem oben erwähnten Dokument der indischen CPI(M) zeigt dies deutlich. "Das andere Anliegen des Imperialismus, um sicherzustellen, dass die Ukraine in seinem Schoß bleibt, ist die strategische Lage. Russland möchte ein Bündnis eurasischer Länder bilden, und die Ukraine in einem solchen Bündnis zu haben, würde seine wirtschaftliche Macht definitiv erhöhen. Die meisten dieser Länder unterhalten sowohl mit Russland als auch mit China freundschaftliche Beziehungen. Der Beitritt der Ukraine zu einem solchen Bündnis oder die Aufrechterhaltung freundschaftlicher Beziehungen zu diesen Ländern würde nicht nur Russland und China stärken, sondern auch bedeuten, dass der Imperialismus vollständig an Boden verliert. In Anbetracht des Rückschlags in Afghanistan würde dies einen weiteren schweren Schlag gegen ihre hegemonialen Pläne bedeuten. Die USA sind nicht bereit, diese veränderte Realität zu akzeptieren. " [13]
Wir sehen, Putin hat viele Pudel in der Welt!
[1] Die RCIT hat mehrere Dokumente über den Volksaufstand in Kasachstan veröffentlicht. Sie sind alle auf einer speziellen Seite auf unserer Website zusammengestellt: https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/asia/compilation-of-articles-on-the-popular-uprising-in-kazakhstan/.
[2] Siehe dazu den oben erwähnten Artikel von Michael Pröbsting: Der Volksaufstand in Kasachstan und Putins patriotische "Kommunisten"; vom gleichen Autor: Kasachischer Aufstand und Stalinismus: Ehestreit oder ernste Spaltung? Die revolutionären Ereignisse in Kasachstan und die militärische Intervention Russlands provozieren tiefe Spaltungen zwischen verschiedenen kommunistischen Parteien, 12. Januar 2022, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/asia/kazakh-uprising-and-stalinism-marital-row-or-serious-divisions/
[3] R Arun Kumar: Imperialist Designs in Ukraine, CPI(M), 30. Januar 2022, https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2022/0130_pd/imperialist-designs-ukraine
[4] Workers' Party of Ireland: Die jüngste Zunahme der Spannungen in Osteuropa und das Potenzial für einen katastrophalen Konflikt, 26.01.2022, http://www.solidnet.org/article/WP-of-Ireland-WPI-Statement-on-Ukraine/
[5] PCP: Kommuniqué des Zentralkomitees der PCP vom 1. Februar 2022, http://www.solidnet.org/article/Portuguese-CP-Communique-of-the-Central-Committee-of-the-PCP-of-February-1-2022/
[6] Siehe hierzu z.B. das Pamphlet von Michael Pröbsting: Syrien und die Großmachtrivalität: Das Scheitern der "Linken". Die ausblutende syrische Revolution und die jüngste Eskalation der zwischenimperialistischen Rivalität zwischen den USA und Russland - Eine marxistische Kritik an Sozialdemokratie, Stalinismus und Zentrismus, 21. April 2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/syria-great-power-rivalry-and-the-failure-of-the-left/; vom selben Autor: Stalinismus: Assad's Best Friends Forever. Ein Kommentar zu einer gemeinsamen internationalen Initiative der stalinistischen Parteien, 3. Juli 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/stalinism-is-assad-s-best-friends-forever/
[7] Workers' Party of Ireland: Die jüngste Zunahme der Spannungen in Osteuropa und das Potenzial für einen katastrophalen Konflikt, 26.01.2022, http://www.solidnet.org/article/WP-of-Ireland-WPI-Statement-on-Ukraine/
[8] Für unsere Analyse des Stalinismus siehe z.B. das von unserer Vorgängerorganisation Liga für die Revolutionäre Kommunistische Internationale herausgegebene Buch: Die degenerierte Revolution: The Origin and Nature of the Stalinist States, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/stalinism-and-the-degeneration-of-the-revolution/; siehe auch Kapitel II in Michael Pröbsting: Kubas Revolution ausverkauft? The Road from Revolution to the Restoration of Capitalism, August 2013, RCIT Books, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/cuba-s-revolution-sold-out/
[9] Who Owns Russia: 32 Largest Business Groups Make 51% of GDP, Emerging Markets Venue, 12. Juli 2010, http://www.emergingmarketsvenue.com/2010/07/12/russian_business_groups/
[10] Welt-Ungleichheitsbericht 2022. Koordiniert von Lucas Chancel, Thomas Piketty, Emmanuel Saez, Gabriel Zucman, World Inequality Lab, wir2022.wid.world, S. 215, 223 und 225
[11] Über die stalinistische Politik in der Zeit des Hitler-Stalin-Paktes sind mehrere Bücher erschienen. Eine Reihe von Dokumenten wurde veröffentlicht in Raymond James Sontag und James Stuart Beddie (Hrsg.): Nazi-Sowjetische Beziehungen, 1939-1941. Documents from the Archives of the German Foreign Office, Department of State, 1948. Viele Dokumente der stalinistischen Parteien aus dieser Zeit sind erst nach 1989 öffentlich geworden. Viele von ihnen sind in dem deutschsprachigen Buch gesammelt worden: Bernhard H. Bayerlein. Der Verräter, Stalin, bist Du! Vom Ende der linken Solidarität 1939-1941. Komintern und kommunistische Parteien im Zweiten Weltkrieg, Aufbau Verlag, Berlin 2009; eine weitere Dokumentation ist: J.W.Brügel: Stalin und Hitler. Europaverlag, Wien 1973. Siehe auch: Bisovsky, Gerhard, Hans Schafranek und Robert Streibel (Hrsg.): Der Hitler-Stalin-Pakt, Verlag: Picus Verlag, 1990.
[12] Siehe z.B. Margarete Buber-Neumann: Als Gefangene bei Stalin und Hitler, Seewald Verlag, Stuttgart 1985
[13] R Arun Kumar: Imperialist Designs in Ukraine, CPI(M), 30. Januar 2022, https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2022/0130_pd/imperialist-designs-ukraine
9. Stalinismus und Sozialimperialismus: Schlussbemerkungen
Wie wir gerade dargelegt haben, hat der Stalinismus (wie der Reformismus im Allgemeinen) immer ein strategisches Bündnis mit einem Teil der Bourgeoisie gegen einen anderen gesucht. Dies galt sowohl auf nationalem als auch auf internationalem Terrain. Im Gegensatz dazu strebt der authentische Trotzkismus immer danach, die Arbeiterklasse und die Unterdrückten national und international gegen alle Teile der Bourgeoisie und gegen alle Großmächte zu vereinen.
Wie wir bereits an anderer Stelle dargelegt haben, gibt es jedoch einen wichtigen Unterschied zur gegenwärtigen Situation. In der Vergangenheit rechtfertigten die stalinistischen Parteien ihre Zusammenarbeit mit einem Teil der Bourgeoisie oder mit einem imperialistischen Lager gegen das andere mit dem Argument, dass dies zur Verteidigung der "sozialistischen" Staaten (UdSSR, China, Osteuropa, Vietnam, Nordkorea, Kuba usw.) beitragen würde. Im Ergebnis waren sie pro-kapitalistische und pro-imperialistische Pseudo-Sozialisten im Dienste der herrschenden stalinistischen Bürokratie der degenerierten Arbeiterstaaten.
Dies unterscheidet sich jedoch von der heutigen Situation, da heute kein "sozialistischer" Staat, d. h. degenerierter Arbeiterstaat, mehr existiert. Zwar behaupten einige stalinistische Parteien immer noch, dass China "sozialistisch" wäre. Das ist natürlich völliger Blödsinn. Aber ungeachtet dieser Tatsache wenden die Stalinisten, selbst in ihren eigenen Worten, ihre Methode heute auf andere Bedingungen an. Wie wir in diesem Aufsatz gezeigt haben, befürworten sie auch die Unterstützung von Mächten wie Russland, die selbst nach ihrer eigenen Analyse nichts mit "Sozialismus" zu tun haben.
Daher waren die stalinistischen Parteien in der Vergangenheit direkte Vertreter der bürokratischen Kaste degenerierter Arbeiterstaaten und unterstützten als solche diese oder jene Fraktion der Bourgeoisie oder des imperialistischen Lagers. Heute dienen diese Stalinisten direkt einer Fraktion der herrschenden Klasse bzw. einem Lager der imperialistischen Staaten in ihrem Kampf gegen Konkurrenten.
Daher nimmt diese Art von Sozialimperialismus die Form des bürgerlichen Geopolitismus an. Wir sagen bürgerliche Geopolitik, weil sie bedeutet, dass die Weltlage und die Aufgaben des Kampfes nicht vom Standpunkt des internationalen Klassenkampfes aus definiert werden, um die Sache der Arbeiterklasse und der unterdrückten Völker voranzubringen, sondern vielmehr vom Standpunkt der Neuordnung der Welt zum Nachteil der alten Großmächte (USA, EU und Japan) und zum Vorteil der neuen Großmächte (China und Russland).
Als Randbemerkung kann man sagen, dass die bürgerliche Geopolitik das uneheliche Kind der klassischen stalinistischen Theorie des "Sozialismus in einem Land" ist. Sie streicht den "Sozialismus" und begnügt sich mit einer Art "Kapitalismus in einem Land". [1]
Im Gegensatz zu diesem vulgären Sozialimperialismus ist es die Aufgabe der echten Sozialisten, gegen alle Großmächte zu kämpfen und alle Befreiungskämpfe der Arbeiter und Unterdrückten gegen alle imperialistischen Mächte zu unterstützen. [2] Jene reformistischen Parteien, die die eine oder andere Großmacht unterstützen, die die Unterdrückung dieser oder jener Volkserhebungen unterstützen, solche Parteien sind Feinde des Volkes! Die Sozialisten müssen gegen ihren Einfluss in der Arbeiterklasse kämpfen.
Um den Kampf gegen die Großmächte und ihre sozialimperialistischen Diener innerhalb der Arbeiter- und Volksmassenorganisationen voranzutreiben, müssen sich die authentischen revolutionären Kräfte zusammenschließen und ihre Arbeit verstärken. Natürlich ist dies eine schwierige Aufgabe, da Revolutionäre heute eine kleine Minderheit darstellen. Die Schaffung einer neuen Weltpartei der sozialistischen Revolution erfordert einen langen Prozess der Verwurzelung in den Massen, der Ausbildung der Kader, der praktischen Erprobung usw. Aber das Erkennen der Schwierigkeiten und Schwächen ist kein Grund zur Verzweiflung, sondern vielmehr ein Grund, die bestehenden Probleme bewusst anzupacken und energisch an die Arbeit zu gehen!
Heute ist die RCIT eine Parteiaufbau-Organisation, die sich für die Herausbildung einer solchen Weltpartei einsetzt. Wir sind immer noch eine kleine Organisation, aber im Laufe des letzten Jahrzehnts ist es uns gelungen, eine internationale Organisation mit Sektionen und Aktivisten in mehr als einem Dutzend Ländern auf allen Kontinenten aufzubauen. Wir wenden uns an alle revolutionären Organisationen und Aktivisten auf der ganzen Welt, die mit uns in den wichtigsten Fragen des globalen Klassenkampfes übereinstimmen. Lasst uns mit vereinten Kräften eine revolutionäre Weltpartei aufbauen! Lasst uns eine gemeinsame internationale Organisation aufbauen, die gegen alle Großmächte - sowohl in Ost als auch in West - kämpft und alle Befreiungskämpfe der Arbeiter und unterdrückten Völker gegen jede Großmacht oder ihren reaktionären Lakaien unterstützt.
[1] Siehe hierzu z. B. Leo Trotzki: Die permanente Revolution (1929), Pathfinder Press, New York 1969.
[2] Siehe z.B. RCIT: Thesen zur revolutionären Niederlage in imperialistischen Staaten, 8. September 2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/theses-on-revolutionary-defeatism-in-imperialist-states/
현 나토-러시아 분쟁에서 친러 스탈린주의 당들
미하엘 프뢰브스팅, 혁명적 공산주의인터내셔널 동맹 (RCIT) 국제서기, 2022년 2월 9일, www.thecommunists.net/
차례
서론
1. 러시아는 아니고 나토가 유일 침략자다! 정말?
2. 누가 침략자인가가 사회주의자에게 기준인가?
3. 무엇이 강대국 간 긴장 고조를 야기하고 있는 원인인가? 전쟁광 패당인가, 제국주의 체제인가?
4. 강대국의 "적법한 세력권"? 사회주의자가 제국주의 ‘세력권’을 옹호해도 되나?
5. 푸틴과 대러시아 배외주의: “우크라이나는 독자 민족이 아니다.”
6. 스탈린주의 대 볼셰비즘: 우크라이나와 민족자결권
7. 카자흐스탄에서 시리아까지: 스탈린주의는 반혁명 편에 서고 있다
8. 러시아 제국주의는 "사회진보 세력"인가? 한 주목할 만한 스탈린주의 문서에 대한 토론
9. 스탈린주의와 사회제국주의: 맺음말
서론
현 나토-러시아 간 긴장 고조는 지난 10년간 세계정치의 핵심 특징이 된 강대국 패권경쟁의 가장 첨예한 표현이다. 이제 이 패권쟁투가 처음으로 우크라이나에서 이들 강대국 (및 대리인들) 간의 전쟁 위험을 불러일으켰다.
우리가 여러 문서에서 자세히 설명했듯이, 혁명적 공산주의인터내셔널 동맹 (RCIT)은 나토와 러시아 양 진영 모두를 제국주의로 성격규정 한다. 우리가 이들 열강 (및 우크라이나 내 그들 대리인) 간의 분쟁을 철저히 반동적인 분쟁으로 간주하는 이유다. 따라서 사회주의자들은 이 분쟁에서 양쪽 모두 반대해야 한다. 사회주의자들은 혁명적 패전주의를, 즉 분쟁 당사국 정부들의 패배와 이 분쟁을 국내의 혁명적 위기로 전화시키는 강령·전술을 제창하는 것이 필요하다.[1]
당연히 이러한 사건은 모든 정치조류들을 성분 증명하고 판가름하는 핵심 시험대다. 세계정치의 이 같은 대 사태는 사회주의를 자임하는 세력들에게 평가분석을 명확히 하고, 그에 따라 필요한 투쟁방향에 대한 인식을 심화하고, 전술적 슬로건을 첨예하게 벼리도록 강요한다. 즉 계급 간 모순, 국가 간 모순의 격화가 어떠한 모호함과 회피의 여지도 허용하지 않는다는 것이다. 이 같은 대 위기 때 정치조류들의 진정한 본질이 밝히 드러나버리는 이유다.
이 정치법칙은 또 하나의 사건과 유기적으로 연관되어 있다. 강대국들 간 패권경쟁의 가속화는 궁극적으로 자본주의의 구조적 위기 및 그에 따른 계급 간, 국가 간 모순의 격화에 뿌리를 두고 있다. 또 강대국 패권쟁투 가속화는 투쟁하는 계급들 (및 계급 분파들)의 이익을 대표하는 정치세력들 간의 모순을 또한 격화시키는 원인이 된다. 따라서 현 나토-러시아 간 긴장 고조와 같은 위기사태는 불가피하게 맑스주의와 기회주의 간의 분할을 심화시킨다.
우리는 여러 성명과 기사를 통해 각종 스탈린주의, 사민주의, 중도주의 당들이 현 사태에서 취하고 있는 입장을 평가분석하고 비판해 왔다. 여기서는 러시아 제국주의 진영을 지지함으로써 명시적으로 편을 드는 스탈린주의 당들을 좀 더 상세하게 다루고자 한다. 그들의 주장에 대한 비판적인 평가토론은 다른 기회주의 세력들의 성명에서도 같은 생각과 견해를 발견할 수 있기 때문에 유용할 것이다.
검토를 시작하기 전에 독자들에게 다음과 같은 주의를 환기시키고자 한다. 이 논문에서 우리는 나토-러시아 분쟁에 관한 많은 스탈린주의 당들의 주장을 평가토론 한다. 우리는 우리의 반대 논거를 설명할 것이지만, 그 동안 줄곧 제시해왔던 강대국들에 대한 정치·경제·군사적 평가분석을 상세히 되풀이 하는 것은 지양할 것이다. 우리는 <<강대국 패권쟁투 시대에 반제국주의>> 책자와 여러 팜플렛에서 광범위하게 평가분석 했으므로, 독자들에게는 각주에 제시되어 있는 참고문헌에서 사실들과 수치들을 찾아볼 것을 권한다.
1. 러시아는 아니고 나토가 유일 침략자다! 정말?
러시아 제국주의를 편드는 스탈린주의 당들 간의 공통 테마는 미 제국주의 및 나토가 현 긴장 고조의 유일 책임 세력이라는 주장이다. 대조적으로, 다른 분쟁국 러시아에 대해서는 단지 서방의 침략에 대항하여 자신을 방어하고 있는 것일 뿐인, 즉 팽창주의 요구를 갖지 않은 세력으로 간주한다.
이에 대한 몇 가지 예를 들어 보자. 스탈린주의 · 준 스탈린주의 세력들, 소부르주아 평화주의 세력들의 광범위한 연합체가 며칠 전 공동성명을 발표하면서, 분쟁당사자 중 침략자는 오직 미국 측이라고 주장하고 있다.
“다시 한 번, 우리 세계는 두 주요 핵 강국 간의 임박한 전쟁 위협에 직면해 있다. 과거처럼 미국이 나토를 국제법과 유엔 헌장을 명백히 위반하며 전쟁을 벌이는 수단으로 삼고 있다. 바이든 행정부는 현재 우크라이나에 2억 달러 상당의 무기 및 기타 ‘치명성 무기 원조’를 공수하고 있으며 우크라이나에 진입하기 위해 8,500명의 미군 병력을 대기시키고 있다. '비필수' 미 대사관 직원들과 그 가족들이 우크라이나에서 철수하고 있다. 기업 언론은 러시아를 우크라이나를 침략하려는 적으로 묘사하는 데 보조를 맞추고 있다. 이러한 행동들이 사실상의 선전포고나 다름없는 상황에서 기업 언론이 전쟁 불꽃에 부채질을 하고 있는 것이다. 나토의 우크라이나 주둔 확대를 통해 현재 이와 같이 러시아에 대한 도발침략을 고조시키는 행동은 세계 평화에 대한 심각한 위협으로, 본격 전쟁을 멈추기 위해서는 반전 단체들의 통일된 신속한 대응이 요구된다.”[3]
흥미롭게도 이 성명의 서명자 명단에는 노동자세계당(WWP), 공산주의자당, 자유의길 사회주의조직 (이상 미국), 아일랜드공산당, 뉴질랜드 조선인민공화국 협회 (NZ DPRK Society) 같은 각종 (준)스탈린주의 세력들뿐만 아니라, 사회주의행동당 (만델파 “제4인터내셔널” 내 소위 좌익반대파의 주도 세력) 뉴욕 지부도 포함되었다. 사회주의행동당의 경우, 이 당이 속한 “제4인터내셔널”이 공식적으로 러시아와 중국을 제국주의로 규정하며 현 나토-러시아 분쟁에서 편을 들길 거부한다는 사실에 의해 다소 부담을 덜게 되는 것은 분명하다.[4] 명백하게도, ‘자’국 일국 사업에서 사회주의행동당이 갖는 기회주의 욕구는 자신의 국제주의 원칙보다 더 크다!
앞서 언급한 아일랜드공산당은 자체 성명을 통해 이 분쟁에서 침략자는 오직 미국이라는 생각을 재천명하고 있다. “전쟁이 일어날 경우 엄청난 인명 손실과 환경 파괴로 세계평화를 위협하는 것은 러시아의 행보가 아니라 나토의 공격적인 군사력 증강 및 나토의 상설구조협력 (PESCO) 전략에 따른 EU 군사전략 때문임이 분명하다. 나토의 행보는 우크라이나에서 모든 외국군과 용병의 철수를 명시한 2015년 민스크 평화협정을 훼손하는 것이다.”[5]
포르투갈공산당(PCP)도 같은 마음으로 다음과 같이 주장한다. "이런 맥락에서 볼 때, 중동에서 라틴아메리카에까지, 아프리카에서 유럽과 아시아에까지 미 제국주의는 명령에 굴하지 않고 주권을 주장하는 나라와 국민에 대해 동맹국들의 지지를 받아 공격적인 정책을 추구하며 중국·러시아에 대한 대결 정책을 강화한다.... 포르투갈공산당 중앙위원회는 러시아에 대해 미국과 나토, EU가 추진하는 대결 고조 정책을 규탄한다. 군사적·경제적·정치적 차원에서 표출되고 있는 이러한 긴장 고조는 집중적인 역정보 캠페인에 의해 지속되면서 평화에 심각한 위협이 되고 있다."[6]
캐나다공산당도 같은 생각을 피력한다. "유럽과 전 세계 평화에 대한 주된 위험은 모스크바가 아니라 워싱턴과 나토로부터 온다.“[7]
예를 하나 더 제시한다면, 멕시코 인민사회당은 다음과 같이 천명한다, "이런 맥락에서 우크라이나 영토에서 2021년 말부터 긴장이 고조되기 시작했고, 이로써 두 분리주의 돈바스 공화국에 대한 군사 캠페인이 계속된다.... 이러한 이유로, 멕시코 인민사회당은 미국·유럽 동맹들의 후원을 받아 무력 사용으로 분쟁을 해결하려는 우크라이나 정부의 무모한 열망을 가장 강력히 비난하는 바다. 이는 우크라이나를 나토에 포함시키려는 무책임한 목표로서, 만약 그것이 실현된다면 우크라이나나 역내의 평화에 아무 도움도 되지 못할 뿐, 오히려 정반대가 될 것이다. 우크라이나 정부가 민스크 조약을 수없이 위반하고 분쟁을 평화적으로 해결하려는 정치적 의지가 결여되어 있음을 말해주는 것이다... 우리는 세계의 인민들과 진보적 단체들에게 이 지역에서 나토군의 도발적인 포위 작전을 경계하고 규탄할 것을 촉구한다."[8]
미 제국주의 (및 미제의 유럽 동맹들)가 침략자라는 주장은 물론 옳다. 미국은 2차 세계대전의 가장 중요한 승전국이었다. 미국은 제국주의 진영 내 주도세력이자 소련이 이끄는 스탈린주의 국가들의 주 적수가 됐다. 1991년 소련 붕괴 뒤 워싱턴은 10여 년간 패권을 더욱 확대했다.
그러나 이것은 절반만 진실이다. 미 제국주의는 적어도 10년 전부터 쇠퇴하고 있으며, 지금은 절대 패권을 상실했다. 경제적으로, 미 제국주의는 새로운 제국주의 강대국 중국에 의해 추월되었다. (또는 계산 방법에 따라서는 거의 추월 직전이다).[9] 그리고 러시아는 미국과 함께 세계 최대 핵 강국이다.[10]
그 결과, 미국은 더 이상 도전 받지 않는 패권국이 아니다. 미국의 세계질서는 복수의 강대국들 (미국, 중국, EU, 러시아, 일본) 간의 패권경쟁 가속화와 거대한 불안정을 핵심 특징으로 하는 글로벌 정세로 대체되었다. 우리는 이 문제에 대해 다양한 문서들에서 광범위하게 설명해왔으므로 여기서는 세부적으로 들어가지 않고 독자들에게 RCIT의 문헌을 참조하도록 권한다.[11]
지난 10년간 글로벌 정세의 이러한 변화는 미 제국주의의 몇 차례 굴욕적인 후퇴와 패배를 가져왔다. 가장 중요한 사건이 2021년 8월 아프가니스탄에서의 혼돈에 찬 패배였다. 2001년 11월 미국이 이 나라를 침공하여 전복한, 그리고 20년 동안 서방 점령군에 맞서 영웅적인 게릴라 투쟁을 벌였던 바로 그 세력, 탈레반이 다시 권력에 오르게 된 것이 바로 이러한 사태발전의 결과물이다.[12]
그러나 미국의 후퇴가 아프가니스탄에 국한된 것은 아니다. 워싱턴은 다른 나라들 (이라크, 시리아 등)에서도 군대를 철수시켜야 했고 중동에서 많은 영향력을 잃었다. 러시아와 중국이 미국을 대신해 패권국으로 들어선 중앙아시아도 같은 경우다.
그 결과, 지난 10년간 영향력을 확장한 것은 러시아와 중국이었다. 중국은 모든 대륙에 거대한 정치적·경제적 영향력을 보유하고 있다. 다른 모든 연안국들의 영유권 주장과 상관없이, 남중국해 (또는 베트남이 주장하는 명칭으로는 “동해”) 전체를 장악하려고 한다. 베이징은 또 중국 내전 종식 이래로 미 제국주의의 동맹으로 있는 대만을 침공하겠다고 위협하고 있다.[13]
중국보다 경제적으로는 약하지만 군사적으로는 강한 러시아는 중동과 북·동·중앙아프리카는 물론, 유럽과 아시아에서도 중요한 영향력을 행사하고 있다. 러시아군은 다른 여러 나라들 및 지역들 (중앙아시아, 동부 우크라이나, 시리아, 리비아, 말리, 중앙아프리카 공화국 등)에 ㅡ 공식적으로든, 은폐된 형태로든 ㅡ 주둔하고 있다. 최근 카자흐스탄에 대한 러시아의 군사 개입이 보여주고 있듯이 러시아는 유라시아의 제국주의 헌병으로 행세하고 있다.
오늘 이 점은 현 나토-러시아 간 분쟁에서 특히 잘 나타나고 있다. 현재 우크라이나 접경지에 10만 이상의 병력을 주둔시켜 놓고 이 나라에 대한 침공을 위협하고 있는 것이 다름 아닌 러시아다. 나토가 지금 동유럽에 수천 명의 추가 병력을 파견하기로 결정했지만, 이번 긴장 고조는 분명히 모스크바에 의해 시작되었다. 당초 바이든 정부는 동아시아에서 중국을 봉쇄하는 데 여념이 없는 이유만으로도 러시아에 대해 정치·군사적 공세를 펼칠 생각이 없었다.
이러한 모든 이유들로 인해, 이들 스탈린주의 당들이 지난 10년 동안, 특히 지난 몇 달 동안 러시아 (및 중국) 제국주의의 공세에 대해 단 한 마디 비판도 하지 않고 미국만을 침략자로 비난한다면, 그것은 푸틴 정권에 대한 미화이자 면죄부 부여일 뿐이다.
스탈린주의자들 가운데 보다 명민한 관측자들이 세계질서의 이러한 변화를 인식하고 있다는 것은 주목할 필요가 있다. 세계에서 가장 큰 스탈린주의 당 중 하나인 인도공산당(M)은 나토-러시아 사태와 관련하여 강대국들 간 역관계의 중요한 변화를 지적하는 논설을 최근 발표했다.
“그러나 러시아가 그 향상된 경제적 조건으로 인해 권리 주장 목소리가 커지고 미국은 경제위기로 약화되었으며 중국이 무시할 수 없는 세력으로 부상한 것은 지정학적 현실의 변화를 보여주는 것들이다. 2008년 러시아는 나토의 확장에 반대한다는 입장을 단호히 밝혔고, 조지아와 우크라이나를 나토 동맹에 포함시키는 것에 대해 '레드 라인'을 긋고 있음을 분명히 했다... 독일과 프랑스가 이러한 러시아 침공이라는 생각을 믿지 않기 때문에 모든 나토 동맹국들을 동원하려는 미국의 노력은 저항에 부닥쳐 있다. 독일과 프랑스 양국은 우크라이나를 나토 동맹에 포함시키려는한 결정에 대해 거부권을 행사한 바 있다. 많은 유럽 나라들이 러시아가 공급하는 값싼 천연가스에 의존하고 있기 때문에 러시아와의 관계를 포기할 수 없다. 그 나라들은 우크라이나 내 신나치 세력의 증대하는 위협과 부패한 권위주의 정권에 대해서도 의식하고 있으며 이 모든 것이 자국에 미칠 낙진 여파를 우려하고 있다. 또 미국의 대 러시아 군사적 충돌 결과에 대해서도 회의적이다. 결국, 러시아는 여전히 고급의 군사 기술을 보유하고 있고, 이런 러시아와 전쟁을 하는 것은 유럽 나라들뿐만 아니라 전 인류에게 재앙이 될 것이다."[14]
그러나 이러한 ‘정세 인식’에도 불구하고 인도 스탈린주의자들은 모든 제국주의 열강에 반대하는 입장을 취하는 결론을 도출하지는 않는다. (아래에서 이 점을 살펴볼 것이다).
스탈린주의자들이 일면적으로 서방 제국주의에 대해서만 반대하는 것은 러시아 (및 중국) 제국주의를 지지하기 때문이다. 기본적으로 푸틴의 푸들 역할을 하는 것이다. 특히 노골적인 예로 겐나디 주가노프가 이끄는 러시아 KPRF (러시아연방공산당)가 있다. 우리가 이미 다른 곳에서 지적했듯이, 이 당은 민중봉기를 진압하기 위한 러시아의 카자흐스탄 군사 개입을 공공연하게 환영했다. 서방이 "러시아에 대한 하이브리드 전쟁"을 벌이고 있으며 "집단적으로 서방이 러시아 접경지 전역의 상황을 불안정하게 만들기 위해 모든 것을 할 것이다"라는 주장으로 이러한 반혁명 지지를 정당화하고 있다.[15]
이 동일한 사회애국주의 정신이 KPRF를 추동하여 돈바스 “공화국들”의 독립을 정식 승인하는 의회 법안을 제출하게 한 것이다. 이 법안의 지지자 중 한 명인 알렉산더 보로다이 ㅡ 전 도네츠크 정치지도자이자 지금은 집권 통합러시아당의 의원인 ㅡ 는, 분리주의자들은 지금 우크라이나군이 영유하고 있는 영토 일부를 자신들이 장악할 수 있도록 도와줄 것을 러시아에 기대하고 있다고 말했다. "[도네츠크 공화국들이] 승인될 시에 전쟁은 직접적인 필수가 될 것이다."[16]
우리는 나토 국가들만이 "제국주의"의 자격이 있고 그들의 라이벌 러·중은 그렇지 않다는 스탈린주의자들의 주장의 이론적 결과들을 지적하는 것으로 이 장을 맺을 것이다. 사실상 이러한 입장은 수정주의적인 "초제국주의" 이론에 영합하는 입장이다. 이 개념은 1914년 카우츠키에 의해 정립됐다. 얄궂게도 1차 세계대전 개전 당초에! 이 이론에 따르면, 자본주의의 경제 법칙이 부르주아지를 추동하여 제국주의의 단계를 극복하고 "초제국주의"로 불리는 단계로 들어가도록 한다. 이러한 초제국주의 ‘시대’는 노동자계급에 대한 착취 증가와 함께 식민지·반식민지 나라들에 대한 착취 증가를 핵심 특징으로 한다. 동시에, 제국주의 열강은 점차 패권경쟁을 극복하고 단일의 제국주의 트러스트나 동맹으로 하나로 뭉칠 것이다.
지난 세기의 역사적 경험이 이 이론을 완전히 논파한 것은 물론이다. 강대국들은 최대 1억 명의 죽음을 야기한 두 번의 세계대전에서 서로 싸웠다. 제국주의 열강들 간의 패권경쟁이 어느 정도 약해진 시기(1948~91년)가 있었다. 그러나 그 이유는 이러한 열강들 간의 모순을 대신하여 그 자리를 스탈린주의 노동자 국가 (퇴보 타락한 노동자 국가)에 대한 그들 공통의 적대가 메웠기 때문이다. 그러나 지난 일이십년 동안 새로운 강대국들 (러시아와 중국)이 등장했고 제국주의 간 패권경쟁이 다시 한 번 세계정세의 핵심 특징이 되었다.
러시아와 중국은 제국주의 열강이 아니며 (서방) 제국주의 국가들이 모두 미국의 영도 하에 하나로 뭉친다는 스탈린주의 사상은 이 같은 카우츠키주의 “초제국주의”론을 리메이크한 것이다. 레닌이 이 개념에 대해 언급했듯이, "여기 있는 제국주의를 무시하려는 이러한 충동에 맑스주의란 티끌만큼도 없다."[17] 관심 있는 독자들에게는, 이 문제를 자세히 다룬 우리의 다른 문서들을 참조할 것을 권한다.[18]
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[1] 독자들에게 현 나토-러시아 분쟁에 대한 모든 RCIT 문서를 모아놓은 다음의 우리 웹사이트 특별 페이지를 방문할 것을 권한다. https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/compilation-of-documents-on-nato-russia-conflict/; 특히 다음 우리의 두 주요 성명을 보라. Neither NATO nor Russia! Down with all Imperialist Warmongers! No support for either imperialist camp or its proxies in the Ukraine and Donbass! Unite the workers and oppressed for an independent struggle for liberation! 25 January 2022, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/neither-nato-nor-russia-down-with-all-imperialist-warmongers/ [<나토도, 러시아도 다 반대! 모든 제국주의 전쟁몰이꾼들을 타도하자!> https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/neither-nato-nor-russia-down-with-all-imperialist-warmongers/#anker_5]; The Current NATO-Russia Conflict and the Anti-Imperialist Tasks of Revolutionaries. Down with all Great Powers and their proxies! For an independent and socialist Ukraine! 29 January 2022, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/the-current-nato-russia-conflict-and-the-anti-imperialist-tasks-of-revolutionaries [<현 나토-러시아 분쟁과 혁명가들의 반제국주의 임무> https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/the-current-nato-russia-conflict-and-the-anti-imperialist-tasks-of-revolutionaries/#anker_4]/. 우리의 문서 대부분이 몇몇 각국어로 번역되어 있다.
[2] Michael Pröbsting: Anti-Imperialism in the Age of Great Power Rivalry. The Factors behind the Accelerating Rivalry between the U.S., China, Russia, EU and Japan. A Critique of the Left’s Analysis and an Outline of the Marxist Perspective, RCIT Books, Vienna 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/anti-imperialism-in-the-age-of-great-power-rivalry/ [<<강대국 패권쟁투 시대에 반제국주의>> https://www.thecommunists.net/home/%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4/book-anti-imperialism-in-the-age-of-great-power-rivalry/]
[3] Call To Action: No War With Russia Over Ukraine, 29 January 2022, https://popularresistance.org/nowarwithrussia/?link_id=0&can_id=8adf930454a2e45589616230720f774d&source=email-us-peace-council-statement-the-escalating-crisis-in-ukraine-poses-an-imminent-threat-to-world-peace&email_referrer=email_1426203&email_subject=call-to-action-stop-the-war-with-russia-over-ukraine
[4] 다음을 보라. Against NATO and Russian military escalation in Eastern Europe, Statement by the Executive Bureau of the Fourth International, 30 January 2022, https://internationalviewpoint.org/spip.php?article7503
[5] Communist Party of Ireland: The Irish establishment are collaborators in NATO military strategies, 26 January 2022, http://www.solidnet.org/article/CP-of-Ireland-The-Irish-establishment-are-collaborators-in-NATO-military-strategies/
[6] PCP: Communiqué of the Central Committee of the PCP of February 1, 2022, http://www.solidnet.org/article/Portuguese-CP-Communique-of-the-Central-Committee-of-the-PCP-of-February-1-2022/
[7] CP of Canada: Act now to stop the US-NATO drive to war with Russia! In: PEOPLE'S VOICE - Issue of February 1-14, 2022, http://www.solidnet.org/article/CP-of-Canada-PEOPLES-VOICE-Issue-of-February-1-14-2022/
[8] PPS (Mexico) Statement on Ukraine and Kazakhstan, 31.1.2022, http://www.solidnet.org/article/PPS-of-Mexico-Statement-on-Ukraine-and-Kazakhstan/
[9] TRCIT는 중국 자본주의와 중국의 강대국 부상에 관한 많은 문서를 발표했다. 이에 대해서는 다음을 보라. Michael Pröbsting: China: An Imperialist Power … Or Not Yet? A Theoretical Question with Very Practical Consequences! Continuing the Debate with Esteban Mercatante and the PTS/FT on China’s class character and consequences for the revolutionary strategy, 22 January 2022, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/china-imperialist-power-or-not-yet/; Chinese Imperialism and the World Economy, an essay published in the second edition of The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism (edited by Immanuel Ness and Zak Cope), Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2020, https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-319-91206-6_179-1; China‘s transformation into an imperialist power. A study of the economic, political and military aspects of China as a Great Power (2012), in: Revolutionary Communism No. 4, http://www.thecommunists.net/publications/revcom-number-4; China’s Emergence as an Imperialist Power (Article in the US journal 'New Politics'), in: “New Politics”, Summer 2014 (Vol:XV-1, Whole #: 57); How is it possible that some Marxists still Doubt that China has Become Capitalist? (A Critique of the PTS/FT), An analysis of the capitalist character of China’s State-Owned Enterprises and its political consequences, 18 September 2020, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/pts-ft-and-chinese-imperialism-2/; Unable to See the Wood for the Trees (PTS/FT and China). Eclectic empiricism and the failure of the PTS/FT to recognize the imperialist character of China, 13 August 2020, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/pts-ft-and-chinese-imperialism/ [< 나무만 보고 숲은 못 보는: PTS/FT와 중국 사회성격 토론> https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/pts-ft-and-chinese-imperialism/#anker_1]
[10] RCIT는 러시아 자본주의와 러시아의 제국주의 강대국 부상에 대한 많은 문서를 발표했다. 다음을 보라. Michael Pröbsting: The Peculiar Features of Russian Imperialism. A Study of Russia’s Monopolies, Capital Export and Super-Exploitation in the Light of Marxist Theory, 10 August 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/the-peculiar-features-of-russian-imperialism/ [<러시아 제국주의의 특색> https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/the-peculiar-features-of-russian-imperialism/#anker_6]; Russia and China: Neither Capitalist nor Great Powers? A Reply to the PO/CRFI and their Revisionist Whitewashing of Chinese and Russian imperialism, 28 November 2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/russia-and-china-neither-capitalist-nor-great-powers-reply-to-po-crfi/; 다음도 보라. 같은 저자: The Catastrophic Failure of the Theory of “Catastrophism”. On the Marxist Theory of Capitalist Breakdown and its Misinterpretation by the Partido Obrero (Argentina) and its “Coordinating Committee for the Refoundation of the Fourth International”, 27 May 2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/the-catastrophic-failure-of-the-theory-of-catastrophism/; Lenin’s Theory of Imperialism and the Rise of Russia as a Great Power. On the Understanding and Misunderstanding of Today’s Inter-Imperialist Rivalry in the Light of Lenin’s Theory of Imperialism. Another Reply to Our Critics Who Deny Russia’s Imperialist Character, August 2014, http://www.thecommunists.net/theory/imperialism-theory-and-russia/; Russia as a Great Imperialist Power. The formation of Russian Monopoly Capital and its Empire – A Reply to our Critics, 18 March 2014, in: Revolutionary Communism No. 21, http://www.thecommunists.net/theory/imperialist-russia/. 이 문제에 관한 여러 다른 RCIT 문서들이 다음의 RCIT 웹사이트 상의 별도 하위 페이지에 있다. https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/china-russia-as-imperialist-powers/
[11] RCIT는 강대국들의 제국주의 패권 경쟁을 여러 차례 다루었다. 예를 들어 다음을 보라. World Perspectives 2021-22: Entering a Pre-Revolutionary Global Situation, 22 August 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/world-perspectives-2021-22/ [<세계 정세전망 2021-22년: 준 혁명적 세계정세 진입> https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/world-perspectives-2021-22/#anker_14]; 다음도 보라. Michael Pröbsting: Anti-Imperialism in the Age of Great Power Rivalry. The Factors behind the Accelerating Rivalry between the U.S., China, Russia, EU and Japan. A Critique of the Left’s Analysis and an Outline of the Marxist Perspective, RCIT Books, Vienna 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/anti-imperialism-in-the-age-of-great-power-rivalry/ [<<강대국 패권쟁투 시대에 반제국주의>> https://www.thecommunists.net/home/%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4/book-anti-imperialism-in-the-age-of-great-power-rivalry/]; 다음 두 팜플렛도 보라. Michael Pröbsting: “A Really Good Quarrel”. US-China Alaska Meeting: The Inter-Imperialist Cold War Continues, 23 March 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/us-china-alaska-meeting-shows-continuation-of-inter-imperialist-cold-war/ [<제국주의 간 냉전은 어떻게 바이든 하에서도 계속되고 있나> https://www.thecommunists.net/home/%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4/us-china-cold-war-continues-after-alaska-meeting/]; Servants of Two Masters. Stalinism and the New Cold War between Imperialist Great Powers in East and West, 10 July 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/servants-of-two-masters-stalinism-and-new-cold-war/ [<두 주인을 섬기는 시종 - 스탈린주의와 제국주의 신냉전> https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/servants-of-two-masters-stalinism-and-new-cold-war/#anker_10]; 이 문제에 관한 더 많은 문서들을 다음 링크로 들어가서 볼 수 있다.: https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/china-russia-as-imperialist-powers/ 및 https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/collection-of-articles-on-the-global-trade-war/.
[12] 아프간에서의 제국주의 패배에 대한 RCIT 문서들이 다음의 우리 웹사이트 상의 특별 하위 페이지에 있다. https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/asia/collection-of-articles-on-us-defeat-in-afghanistan/. 특히 다음 두 팜플렛을 보라. Michael Pröbsting: Afghanistan: Understanding (and Misunderstanding) the Taliban. Class Contradictions, Women’s Oppression and Anti-Imperialist Resistance, 10 September 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/afghanistan-class-contradictions-women-s-oppression-and-anti-imperialist-resistance/ [<탈레반: 이해와 오해 - 아프간에서 계급 모순 · 여성 억압 · 반제 저항> https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/afghanistan-class-contradictions-women-s-oppression-and-anti-imperialist-resistance/#anker_3; Afghanistan and the Left: Closet Social-Imperialism. A critique of reformist and centrist forces which are outraged about the Taliban’s victory against the U.S. occupation in Afghanistan, 24 September 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/afghanistan-and-the-left-closet-social-imperialism/.
[13] 이에 대해서는 다음을 보라. RCIT: The Coming Inter-Imperialist War on Taiwan. Revolutionary Defeatism against both Great Powers – the U.S. as well as China! 10 October 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/the-coming-inter-imperialist-war-on-taiwan/ [<다가오는 제국주의 간 대만 전쟁 - 미·중 두 강대국 모두에 대항하는 혁명적 패전주의> https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/the-coming-inter-imperialist-war-on-taiwan/#anker_2]. 이에 대해서는 다음도 보라. chapter IV. “The Taiwan question in its historical and geostrategic context” in the above-mentioned pamphlet by Michael Pröbsting: China: An Imperialist Power … Or Not Yet?
[14] R Arun Kumar: Imperialist Designs in Ukraine, CPI(M), January 30, 2022, https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2022/0130_pd/imperialist-designs-ukraine
[15] 인용 출처는 다음을 보라. Michael Pröbsting: The Popular Uprising in Kazakhstan and Putin’s Patriotic “Communists”. The Stalinist KPRF of Gennady Zyuganov supports the bloody crackdown of the protests and the imperialist intervention of Russian troops, 8 January 2022, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/asia/kazakhstan-and-putin-s-patriotic-communists [<카자흐스탄 민중봉기와 푸틴의 애국적 “공산주의자들”> https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/asia/kazakhstan-and-putin-s-patriotic-communists/#anker_1]
[16] 이에 대해서는 다음을 보라. KPRF: Признаем республики ДНР и ЛНР - остановим войну на Донбассе! 2022-01-25, https://kprf.ru/party-live/opinion/208140.html; Maria Tsvetkova: Ukraine war necessary if Russia recognises breakaway regions - pro-Kremlin MP, Reuters, January 20, 2022 https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-war-necessary-if-russia-recognises-breakaway-regions-pro-kremlin-mp-2022-01-20/
[17] V.I.Lenin: Preface to N. Bukharin’s Pamphlet, Imperialism and the World Economy (1915), in: LCW Vol. 22, p. 106
[18] 다음을 보라. Michael Pröbsting: Lenin’s Theory of Imperialism and the Rise of Russia as a Great Power. On the Understanding and Misunderstanding of Today’s Inter-Imperialist Rivalry in the Light of Lenin’s Theory of Imperialism. Another Reply to Our Critics Who Deny Russia’s Imperialist Character, in: Revolutionary Communism No. 25, August 2014, http://www.thecommunists.net/theory/imperialism-theory-and-russia/
2. 누가 침략자인가가 사회주의자에게 기준인가?
러시아는 아니고 나토/미국이 유일 침략자라는 주장은 이와 같이 지금 눈앞에 있는 사실관계에서도 틀렸지만, 정녕 중요한 오류는 ‘누가 침략자인가’ 하는 문제로 쟁점을 몰고 가는 것이다. 현 나토-러시아 대결과 같은 분쟁에서 어느 강대국이 더 강한가, 더 공격적인가에 논쟁의 초점을 맞추는 것은 문제의 본질을 가리는 데 봉사한다. 미국이 나토를 동유럽으로 확대하여 분쟁을 유발했는가, 또는 러시아가 우크라이나 접경지에 10만 여 병력을 집결시켜 긴장을 촉발시켰는가 하는 문제들은 결정적인 쟁점이 아니다. 사회주의자들은 분쟁에 대한 성격규정을 결코 누가 먼저 도발·침공을 시작했는가로 판단하지 않는다. 레닌/볼셰비키는 1차 세계대전 개전 몇 달 뒤인 1915년 봄의 러시아사회민주노동당 재외지부 회의 (통칭 ‘베른 회의’)에서 채택된 결의안에서 현 전쟁에 대한 태도·접근법을 다음과 같이 아주 명확하게 정식화했다.
“어느 쪽이 먼저 군사 공격을 가했는가, 혹은 어느 쪽이 최초 선전포고를 했는가 하는 문제는 사회주의자의 전술 결정에 어떤 의미도 주지 못한다. 조국방어, 적의 침략에 대한 반격, 방어전 따위와 같은 쌍방의 문구들은 인민을 기만하는 말에 불과하다.”[1]
또 어느 열강이 더 강하고 어느 열강이 더 약한가는 결정적인 쟁점이 아니다. 우리는 더 강한 강도에 대항하여 더 약한 강도를 편 들지 않는다. 우리는 ‘모든’ 강도들에 반대한다! 레닌은 이 같은 접근법을 위 볼셰비키 당 재외지부 회의 몇 달 뒤에 발표한 유명한 팜플렛 <<사회주의와 전쟁>에서 제시한다.
“100명의 노예를 소유하고 있는 노예주가 200명의 노예를 소유하고 있는 노예주에 대항하여 보다 ‘정당한’ 노예 재분배를 내걸고 전쟁을 하고 있다고 상상해 보자. ‘방어적’ 전쟁이나 ‘조국방어’를 위한 전쟁이란 용어를 이러한 경우에 갖다 붙인다면 이는 분명히 역사적으로 오류이며, 현실에서 그것은 교활한 노예주가 평범한 사람들과 속인들, 무지한 사람들을 상대로 벌이는 순전한 사기극이다. 바로 이런 식으로 오늘날 제국주의 부르주아지는 현 전쟁, 즉 노예제를 강화할 목적으로 수행되고 있는 노예주들 간의 이 전쟁에서 ‘민족’ 이데올로기와 ‘조국방어’라는 용어를 가지고 인민을 기만하고 있다.”[2]
여기서 레닌은 1914년 이전 상황, 즉 영국 (및 프랑스)이 가장 많은 식민지를 보유한 제국주의 열강이었던 상황을 예로 든다. 이 영·불과 비교할 때 독일은 약체였다. 영·불 대신 미국/나토를, 독일 대신 러시아 (또는 중국)를 각각 대입해보라. 그러면 현 세계정세에 대한 아주 정확한 상이 그려질 것이다.
“부르주아적 정의와 민족적 자유 (또는 민족의 생존권)라는 관점에서 보면 독일이 영국·프랑스와 대비하여 절대적으로 옳다고 생각될 것이다. 왜냐하면 독일은 식민지에 대한 접근이 차단되어 있기 때문에, 그리고 독일의 적들은 독일보다 헤아릴 수 없이 많은 민족들을 억압하고 있기 때문에, 또한 독일의 동맹국 오스트리아에게 억압받고 있는 슬라브인들은 그야말로 ‘민족들의 감옥’이라 할 수 있는 차르 치하 러시아의 슬라브인들보다 의심할 바 없이 훨씬 더 많은 자유를 누리고 있기 때문에. 그러나 독일은 민족들의 해방이 아니라 민족들의 억압을 위해 싸우고 있다. 보다 젊고 보다 강한 강도 (독일)가 늙고 너무 처먹어서 비만한 강도를 강탈하도록 돕는 것이 사회주의자의 할 일은 아니다. 사회주의자는 이들 강도 모두를 타도하기 위해 이들 간의 싸움을 이용해야 한다.”[3]
한마디로 미국이 러시아보다 더 크고 강하냐, 또 과거에 더 공격적이었느냐 하는 것은 사회주의자들에게 결정적인 쟁점이 아니라는 것이다. 우리는 모든 강대국들에 반대한다. 그리고 사회주의자는 새 도전자가 기존 패권자를 꺾고 그 자리를 차지하려는 쟁투를 지지해선 안 된다!
3. 무엇이 강대국 간 긴장 고조를 야기하고 있는 원인인가? 전쟁광 패당인가, 제국주의 체제인가?
친러 스탈린주의자들의 논거를 전형적으로 보여주는 하나의 특징은, 강대국 패권경쟁의 원인을 제국주의 세계체제의 근본 모순에 두지 않는다는 점이다. 그들은 전쟁 위험이 미국 지배계급 일각의 비합리적, 군국주의적인 의도의 결과물인 것처럼 주장한다. 그 같은 반동적인 집단이 없었다면, 외교 협상과 평화적 해결책이 완전히 가능했을 것이라는 것이다. 미국공산당 (CPUSA)의 기관지 <<피플즈 월드>>를 인용하여 예를 들어보자.
“이 분쟁에서 러시아의 마지노선은 우크라이나의 나토 가입을 저지하는 것이라는 정황들이 있다. 그리고 러시아는 자국 접경지, 특히 우크라이나와의 접경지에 미국이 공격적인 군사 무기를 절대 배치하지 않겠다는 약속을 원하고 있다. 그러한 무기를 거기에 배치하는 것은 외교의 가능성을 차단하고, 러시아로서는 개입 이외에는 다른 선택이 없다고 느끼도록 만드는 것이 될 것이다. 미국 대외정책 기조가 펜타곤 [국방부]과 위험한 군산복합체에 의해 장악되어 있지만 않았더라도 전쟁보다는 외교를 추구할 충분한 근거가 있었을 것이다.”[4]
긴장 고조에 대한 이 같은 설명은 우리가 다른 기사에서 분석한 전(前)스탈린주의 유럽좌파당의 나토-러시아 분쟁 관련 최근 성명들과 일치한다.[5] 이 유럽 단위 연합체에는 독일의 좌파당, 프랑스공산당, 스페인의 통합좌파 & 공산당, 그리스의 시리자 같은 당들이 포함되어 있다. 이 중 스페인 당들은 부르주아 정부에 입각해 있는 당들이다. 막 흑해에 군함을 파견하여 러시아와 대치한 나토 회원국 정부, 바로 그 정부의 일부다. 이론과 실천의 통일은 스탈린주의의 특징이 아니다!
제국주의 열강 간의 근본 적대에 눈을 감고 그 대신 특정 정당이나 집단한테서 긴장 고조에 대한 책임을 찾는 이 같은 접근법은 맑스주의와 아무 공통점도 없다. 우리는 지난 몇 십 년 동안 군국주의 정책, 반동적 전쟁몰이, 전쟁 개시를 여러 번 봐왔다. 돌아가며 자본가 권력을 맡은 보수 정부 하에서도, “진보” 정부 하에서도 모두 일어났던 일들이고, 공화당이 이끄는 미 행정부 하에서도, 민주당이 이끄는 미 행정부 하에서도 모두 일어났던 일들이다. 사민당과 녹색당이 정부에 들어가 있는, 나아가 “공산”당이 입각해 있는 경우에도 똑같이 이 일들이 일어났다. (예를 들어 프랑스공산당은 1999년 유고슬라비아와 2001년 아프가니스탄에 대한 나토 전쟁에 프랑스가 참가했던 당시에 연립정부 일원이었다).[6]
제국주의 전쟁몰이가 "나쁜" 정부에 의해, "악의적인" 이익집단에 의해 야기된다고 주장하는 것은 노동자들과 평화 활동가들 속에서 혼란을 자아낸다. 그 같은 신화는 다른 정당이 집권하면 자본주의 체제 내에서 평화적 발전이 완전히 가능할 것이라는 착각을 불러일으킨다. 즉 사회주의 혁명을 통해 지배계급을 타도하는 것 없이 항구적인 평화가 정착될 수 있다는 환상을 유발한다. 그러나 현대 자본주의의 역사, 즉 지난 120년의 역사는 그 반대를 입증했다. 레닌을 비롯한 공산주의자들은 이 분석을 수없이 강조했다.
"전쟁은 우연히 일어나는 사건이 아니며, 기독교 목사들 (애국과 인류와 평화를 설교함에 있어 조금도 기회주의자들에게 뒤지지 않는) 이 생각하는 것과 같은 ‘죄악’이 아니다. 전쟁은 자본주의의 불가피한 단계로서, 평화만큼이나 자본주의적 생활방식의 적법한 형태다."[7]
"... 전 세계적 차원의 현대 독점자본주의의 결과가 압축적으로 드러난 것이다. 그리고 이 결과들은 이러한 경제체제에서는, 즉 생산수단의 사적소유가 유지되는 한은 제국주의 전쟁이 불가피한 것임을 보여준다."[8]
“자본주의 하에서, 특히 그 제국주의적 단계에서 전쟁은 불가피하다.“[9]
스탈린주의자들은 ‘자본주의에서 전쟁 불가피성’을 부인한다. 그래서 그들은 평화로운 자본주의 체제를 설교한다. 이러한 평화주의 유토피아를 가능케 하기 위해 이들 스탈린주의 당은 (전쟁몰이에 반대한다고 하는) 부르주아 정당과 동맹관계를 구축하고 자본가 정부에 들어가려 한다. 우리가 전에 보여줬듯이, 당연히 이것은 먹히지 않는다. 그 결과, 스탈린주의 당들은 제국주의 전쟁의 지지자가 되었다.
4. 강대국의 "적법한 세력권"? 사회주의자가 제국주의 ‘세력권’을 옹호해도 되나?
스탈린주의 당들은 이와 같이 부르주아 세력과 동맹을 구축하고 자본가 정부에 참여하는 공상적이고 배반적인 정책을, 글로벌 차원에서도 계속한다. 그들에 따르면, 전쟁몰이는 현재의 역사적 쇠퇴기에 가속화하고 있는 자본주의의 근본 모순에 뿌리를 둔 것이 아니므로 강대국들 간의 평화적 타협은 완전히 가능하다. 이를 근거로 스탈린주의자들은 강대국들이 서로의 제국주의 ‘관할권’을 존중할 것을 제안한다. 미국공산당이 낸 또 다른 성명을 인용해보자.
"역사와 최근 사건들을 더 깊이 들여다보면, 서방이야말로 장기적으로 나토의 침략 정책을 밀고 감으로써 동유럽을 지금 휘감고 있는 위기에 대한 책임이 있다는 것을 알 수 있다. 미국을 포함한 모든 나라가 핵심 전략적 이해관계를 갖고 있어 이것이 침해될 경우 군사행동을 취하고 전쟁으로 나아갈 수밖에 없다는 점을 이해하는 것이 필요하다. 나토가 우크라이나에 무기나 군대를 확대 배치할 경우 ㅡ 현 행정부를 포함하여 그동안 다수의 미 행정부들은 이러한 확대 배치를 위협해 왔다 ㅡ 이에 대한 러시아의 견해를 이해하기 위해서는 간단한 사고 실험이 유용하다. 먼로 독트린 선언 이래로 미국은 서반구 전체를 핵심 전략적 이익으로 선포해왔다. 그것은 러시아나 중국의 무기가 캐나다나 멕시코와 같이 직접적으로 국경에 닿아 있는 나라에 배치되는 것을 결코 용납하지 않겠다는 것이다. 하지만 바로 이와 똑같은 상황이 러시아 지도자들이 두려워하는 것이다. 러시아는 나토의 무기 (미국이 관리하는 독일 주둔 나토 핵무기 같은)가 바로 우크라이나 접경지를 따라 배치되는 것을 용납할 수 없다. 5분 만에 모스크바에 도달할 수 있는 미사일은 절대 안 된다는 것이다."[10]
일관된 논리가 있다. 미국공산당은 먼로 독트린과 미 제국주의의 세력권에 대해서는 근본적인 반대를 표하지 않는다. 대신에 미국이 팽창주의를 어느 정도 억제하고 러시아 고유의 세력권을 허용해야 한다고 촉구한다. 따라서 사실상 미국공산당은 러시아판 먼로 독트린의 실행을 지지하며, 그리하여 워싱턴과 모스크바 양측 모두가 자신의 세계 분할 몫을 확고히 지배할 수 있도록 하자는 것이다. 이것은 "공정 무역" 유토피아의 지정학적 버전으로, 공상적인 "공정 제국주의" 개념이라고 할 수 있다.
언제나 맑스주의자들은 미 제국주의와 미제의 먼로 독트린을 반대해왔다. 맑스주의자들은 러시아 제국주의와 러제의 푸틴 독트린에도 못지않게 반대한다.
스탈린주의자들의 접근방식은 실제로 러·중 제국주의의 전략적 목표와 일치한다. 최근 푸틴-시진핑 회담에서 발표된 공동성명이 보여주듯이, 이 두 강대국은 "진정한 다극 체제"와 "국제관계의 민주화"를 주 특징으로 하는 새로운 세계질서를 제창한다.[11] 미국의 패권은 복수의 강대국들의 패권으로 ㅡ 물론 베이징과 모스크바가 여기서 두드러진 역할을 하는 ㅡ 대체될 것이다. 다시 말해, 스탈린주의자들은 1991년 소련 붕괴 이후의 제국주의 세계질서를 1914년 이전에 존재했던 종류의 제국주의 세계질서로 대체하기를 원한다. (밑에서 보겠지만, 그들 중 일부는 이것을 명시적으로 언급하기까지 한다.)
이와 같이 다자간 제국주의 질서를 제창, 옹호하는 행보는 유엔과 유엔 정치원칙에 대한 스탈린주의 당들의 되풀이되는 긍정적인 언급에서도 볼 수 있다. 유엔은 2차 세계대전 승전국들에 의해 설립되었으며, 러시아와 중국은 유엔 안전보장이사회 내에서 거부권을 행사하는 국가들이다.
예를 들어 다음과 같은 성명 내용을 보라. "우리는 유엔헌장 원칙들과 헬싱키회담 최종의정서에 따라 제국주의에 의한 침략과 개입, 나토 확대, 유럽연합의 군국주의화에 반대하며, 평화와 군축을 위한 투쟁을 발전시키는 것이 중요함을 재확인한다."[12]
그리고 위 1장 서두에서 언급한 공동성명에는, "국제법과 유엔헌장을 준수하라"와 "유엔 안전보장이사회 내에서 현 분쟁을 해결하라"는 요구들이 열거되어 있다.[13]
또 이들 스탈린주의 당들은 소위 민스크 2차 협정의 이행도 ㅡ 푸틴 정권처럼 ㅡ 제창한다. (이 협정은 3개 제국주의 열강 러시아·프랑스·독일 + 우크라이나가 협상으로 도출한 외교적 해결책이다.) "현재의 교착상태에서 벗어날 유일한 길은 러시아, 우크라이나, 프랑스, 독일이 서명한 민스크 협정을 고수하는 것이다. 이 협정은 유엔 안전보장이사회에서 만장일치로 승인되었으며 여기에는 미국도 포함된다."[14]
공상적이기 짝이 없는 요구들이다. 사회주의자들은 유엔과 같은 제국주의 기관들에 대한 어떠한 환상도 만들어내선 안 된다. 유엔은 강대국들, 주로 안보리 내에서 거부권을 행사하는 국가들 (미국, 중국, 러시아, 프랑스, 영국)이 지배하고 있는 기관이다. 유엔 기구들은 이들 강도들의 공동 이익과 이들 간의 타협 (예를 들어 북한에 대한 제재)을 이행하거나, 아니면 아무도 애써 이행하지 않는 무력한 결의안을 채택하든가 한다.
사회주의자들은 한 형태의 제국주의 질서를 같은 질서의 다른 버전으로 대체하는 것을 지지해서는 안 된다. 사회주의자들은 모든 강대국 및 그들 기관들 (유엔과 같은)의 폐지와 세계 사회주의 노동자·농민공화국 연방의 수립을 위해 싸워야 한다.
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[1] V. I. Lenin: The Conference of the R.S.D.L.P. Groups Abroad (1915); in LCW 21, p. 159. [레닌 <러시아 사회민주노동당 재외지부 회의>, 레닌전집 59권 (“제2인터내셔널의 붕괴”), 양효식 옮김, 아고라, 111쪽]
[2] V.I. Lenin: Socialism and War (1915); in: LCW 21, p. 301. [레닌 <사회주의와 전쟁>, 레닌전집 60권 (“사회주의와 전쟁”), 32쪽]
[3] 같은 책, p. 303. {레닌 <사회주의와 전쟁>, 35-6쪽}
[4] John Wojcik: Who is invading whom? U.S. forces already in Eastern Europe, CPUSA, January 25, 2022, https://peoplesworld.org/article/who-is-invading-whom-u-s-forces-already-in-eastern-europe/
[5] Michael Pröbsting: NATO-Russia Conflict: The “Party of the European Left” as Government Adviser for EU Imperialism. Ex-Stalinist LINKE (Germany), PCF (France), IU & PCE (Spain), SYRIZA (Greece) etc. urge governments that “Europe must develop an independent geopolitical attitude”, 30 January 2022, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/nato-russia-conflict-the-party-of-the-european-left-as-government-adviser-for-eu-imperialism/ [<현 서방-러시아 분쟁에서 “유럽좌파당”: EU 제국주의 정부 고문으로 나서다> https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/nato-russia-conflict-the-party-of-the-european-left-as-government-adviser-for-eu-imperialism/#anker_1]
[6] 이에 대해서는 다음을 보라. chapter 13 in Michael Pröbsting: The Great Robbery of the South. Continuity and Changes in the Super-Exploitation of the Semi-Colonial World by Monopoly Capital Consequences for the Marxist Theory of Imperialism, RCIT Books, 2013, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/great-robbery-of-the-south/;
[7] V. I. Lenin: The Position and Tasks of the Socialist International (1914), in: LCW Vol. 21, pp. 39-40. [레닌 <사회주의 인터내셔널의 현황과 임무>, 레닌전집 58권 (“마르크스”), 양효식 옮김, 아고라, 94쪽]
[8] V. I. Lenin: Imperialism. The Highest Stage of Capitalism (1916) ; in: LCW Vol. 22, p. 190. [레닌 <<제국주의, 자본주의의 최고 단계>>, 레닌전집 63권, 이정인 옮김, 아고라, 12쪽]
[9] V. I. Lenin: The Conference of the R.S.D.L.P. Groups Abroad (1915); in LCW 21, p. 162. [레닌 <러시아 사회민주노동당 재외지부 회의>, 레닌전집 59권 (“제2인터내셔널의 붕괴”), 양효식 옮김, 아고라, 115쪽]
[10] John Wojcik: The West, not Russia, is responsible for the war danger in Ukraine, CPUSA, January 21, 2022, https://peoplesworld.org/article/the-west-not-russia-is-responsible-for-the-war-danger-in-ukraine/
[11] Joint Statement of the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China on the International Relations Entering a New Era and the Global Sustainable Development, 4 February 2022, http://en.kremlin.ru/supplement/5770. For a critical analysis of the Putin-Xi meeting see e.g. Michael Pröbsting: The Significance of the Putin-Xi Meeting. Russia and China close ranks against their imperialist rivals, 5 February 2022, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/significance-of-putin-xi-meeting/ [<푸틴-시진핑 회담의 의의 - 러시아와 중국이 공동의 적에 맞서 결속을 과시하다> https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/significance-of-putin-xi-meeting/#anker_2]
[12] PCP: Communiqué of the Central Committee of the PCP of February 1, 2022, http://www.solidnet.org/article/Portuguese-CP-Communique-of-the-Central-Committee-of-the-PCP-of-February-1-2022/
[13] Call To Action: No War With Russia Over Ukraine, 29 January 2022, https://popularresistance.org/nowarwithrussia/?link_id=0&can_id=8adf930454a2e45589616230720f774d&source=email-us-peace-council-statement-the-escalating-crisis-in-ukraine-poses-an-imminent-threat-to-world-peace&email_referrer=email_1426203&email_subject=call-to-action-stop-the-war-with-russia-over-ukraine
[14] R Arun Kumar: Imperialist Designs in Ukraine, CPI(M), January 30, 2022, https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2022/0130_pd/imperialist-designs-ukraine
5. 푸틴과 대러시아 배외주의: “우크라이나는 독자 민족이 아니다”
이에 못지않게 중요한 또 다른 문제를 이제 다뤄보자. 러시아 제국주의와 그 요구들에 대한 스탈린주의자들의 지지는 종종 우크라이나에 대한 대러시아 배외주의 관점을 전파하는 것과 병행된다. 잘 알려진 대로 언제나 푸틴 정권은 별개로 우크라이나 민족이 존재함을 부정해왔다. 또는 우크라이나 민족은 러시아 민족과 “자연적으로” 가깝다고 주장한다. 다시 말해, 우크라이나인들은 "루스키 미르" (러시아 세계)의 일원인 것에 반대할 이유가 없다는 것이다.[1]
여러 해 전부터 푸틴 정권은 우크라이나 인민이 자신의 독립 국가를 가질 권리를 사실상 부정해왔다.[2] 2021년 7월 푸틴 대통령은 “러시아인과 우크라이나인의 역사적 통일성에 관하여”라는 제목의 긴 논문을 발표했다. 이 논문은 푸틴 정권 자신이 각국어로 번역, 출판한 일종의 선언문으로, 우크라이나에 대한 러시아 대통령의 공식적인 견해를 반영하고 있다.[3]
기본적으로 이 논문은 숨김없는 대러시아 배외주의의 관점을 제시한다. 여기서 푸틴은 우크라이나 민족의 존재를 부인한다. 그는 러시아인과 우크라이나인이 "한 국민 – 단일한 전체"라고 주장한다. 다른 데서 그는 러시아인, 우크라이나인, 벨라루스인이 "단일한 대 민족, 삼위일체 민족"을 구성할 것을 제안한다. 우크라이나는 러시아와 긴밀한 통합을 해야 한다, 즉 모스크바의 속국이 되어야 한다는 것이 그의 결론이다. ("나는 우크라이나의 진정한 주권은 러시아와의 파트너십 속에서만 가능하다고 확신한다.").
푸틴이 볼 때 우크라이나 분리주의의 원흉은 레닌과 볼셰비키였다. 푸틴은 특히 코레니사지자(Korenisazija)라고 불린 볼셰비키 정책을 비난한다. (코레니사지자는 “민족적 뿌리를 구축하기”라는 뜻인데, 푸틴 논문의 영문본은 이 개념을 “현지화 정책”으로 그릇되게 번역하여 이 개념에서 민족적 요소를 털어내 버렸다). 이 정책으로 볼셰비키는 비(非)러시아인이 그들의 문화, 언어, 문학 등을 자유롭게 개발할 수 있게 했다[4]. 후에 스탈린주의는 이러한 개혁 조치들을 밀어내고 대러시아 배외주의/국수주의를 장려했다. 푸틴에게 레닌주의 민족 정책은 해악이다.
“현지화 정책은 의심할 여지없이 우크라이나의 문화, 언어, 정체성의 발전과 통합에 중요한 역할을 했다. 이와 동시에 이른바 러시아 대국 배외주의와 싸운다는 미명 아래 우크라이나 화(化)가 자신을 우크라이나인으로 보지 않는 이들에게 강요되는 경우가 많았다. 소련의 민족 정책은 세 개의 슬라브 민족 (러시아인, 우크라이나인, 벨라루스인)에 대한 국가 차원의 대책을 확립했다. 대단위의 러시아 민족 대신에 벨리코러시아인, 말로러시아인, 벨로러시아인으로 구성된 삼위일체 국민이 그것이다.”
마찬가지로 푸틴이 볼 때, 각 민족이 별개의 분리 국가를 형성할 권리를 포함하여 자유롭게 자신의 지위를 결정할 수 있는 권리를 허용한 볼셰비키의 정책 또한 비슷하게 해악이었다. "1922년 쏘연방 (USSR; 소비에트 사회주의 공화국 연방)이 수립되었을 때 우크라이나 소비에트 사회주의 공화국이 쏘연방 설립국 중 하나가 되면서 볼셰비키 지도자들 사이에 다소 격렬한 논쟁이 일어났는데 이 논쟁은 동등한 공화국들의 연방 국가를 형성한다는 레닌의 계획을 실행하는 것으로 결론 났다. 공화국들이 자유롭게 연방에서 탈퇴할 수 있는 권리가 ‘소비에트 사회주의 공화국 연방 창설 선언’ 본문과 이어서 1924년 쏘연방 헌법에 포함되어 있었다. 이렇게 하여 선언문과 헌법 작성자들은 가장 위험한 시한폭탄을 우리 국가의 토대에 심어놓았다. 소련공산당의 영도 역할이 제공한 안전장치가 사라지는 순간 이것이 폭발하면서 당 자체가 안으로부터 붕괴했다. 그리고 ‘국가독립 행렬’이 뒤따랐다."
이와 같이 볼셰비키의 해악적인 정책에 의해 "우리 러시아인들이 강탈당했다". "나라를 토막 낸 건 볼셰비키 지도자들이었다. 우리는 특정 결정 뒤에 있는 사소한 세부 사항이나 배경, 논리에 대해 의견이 다를 수 있다. 한 가지 사실은 명백하다. 실로 러시아는 강탈당했다."
푸틴의 논문에서 발췌한 이 인용문들은 푸틴 정권이 우크라이나를 별개의 민족으로 보지 않고 대러시아 "삼위일체 민족"의 일부로 간주하고 있음을 분명하게 보여준다. 따라서 우크라이나인들은 러시아와 매우 가까울 때만, 즉 "루스키 미르 (러시아 세계)"의 일부가 될 때만 주권을 가질 수 있으므로 따로 별도의 미래는 없다.
6. 스탈린주의 대 볼셰비즘: 우크라이나와 민족자결권
결국, 한 가지만큼은 분명하다. 실로 푸틴의 정책은 레닌의 접근법과 정반대다! 볼셰비키는 모든 형태의 대러시아 배외주의에 반대하여 일관되게 싸웠다. 볼셰비키는 독자 우크라이나 민족의 존재를 인정했을 뿐만 아니라 독자 국가를 형성할 권리를 포함하여 우크라이나의 자결권을 옹호했다.
"그 어떤 특권도 옹호하지 않는 우리 대러시아인 프롤레타리아는 이 특권 또한 옹호하지 않는다. 우리는 명백한 국가의 지반 위에서 싸우고 있다. 우리는 이 국가에 살고 있는 모든 민족의 노동자들을 단결시킨다. 우리는 가능한 모든 길을 따라 우리의 계급적 목표를 향해 진군하고 있기 때문에 어느 특정한 민족적 발전의 길도 보증해줄 수 없다. 우리가 모든 민족주의와 싸우고 다양한 민족들의 평등을 지지하지 않는다면 우리는 그 목표를 향해 나아갈 수 없다. 예를 들어 우크라이나가 독립 국가를 형성하게 될 것이냐 여부는 천 가지 예측할 수 없는 요인들에 의해 결정될 문제다. 쓸데없는 추측을 시도하지 않고, 우리는 의심할 여지없는 분명한 것, 즉 우크라이나가 그러한 독립 국가를 형성할 권리를 확고히 지지한다. 우리는 이 권리를 존중한다. 우리는 우크라이나인에 대한 대러시아인의 특권을 지지하지 않는다. 우리는 이 권리를 인정하는 정신으로, 어느 민족에 대해서도 국가 특권을 거부하는 정신으로 대중을 교육한다."[5]
그리하여 볼셰비키는 1919년에 채택한 볼셰비키 당 공식 강령에서 다음과 같이 밝혔다. "피억압 나라의 노동계급 대중이 그들을 억압하는 국가의 프롤레타리아트에 대해 느끼는 불신을 없애기 위해서는, 그 어느 민족 집단이든 일체의 특권을 폐지하고 민족들의 완전한 평등을 선언하며 식민지·종속국들의 국가 분리에 대한 권리를 인정하는 것이 필요하다."[6]
여러 스탈린주의 당들이 러시아 제국주의의 정책을 지지할 뿐만 아니라 러제의 대러시아 이데올로기까지 되뇌고 있는 것은 특히 부끄러운 일이다. 그들은 푸틴 정권의 프로파간다를 앵무새처럼 따라하며, 우크라이나인과 러시아인은 매우 친밀하고 민족 억압의 역사가 존재하지 않으므로 우크라이나가 독립적으로 존재할 이유가 없다고 주장한다. 주가노프가 이끄는 악명 높은 KPRF(러시아연방‘공산’당)를 보자. 주가노프는 2월 초 "형제 우크라이나 인민"에게 보내는 호소문을 발표했다.[7]
먼저, 이 "호소"는 우크라이나인들에게 러시아 인민과 우크라이나 인민의 오랜 역사적 친밀성을 상기시킨다. 주가노프는 "무지한 형제자매들"에게 서방이 항상 우리를 갈라놓으려고 한다고 설교한다. "우리의 우정은 여러 번 공격받아왔다. 적들이 교활하게 교황 특사로 가장하여 남러시아 공국들을 가톨릭으로 끌어들이던 시절이 있었다." 불행하게도, "형제 관계"는 가톨릭 교황청뿐만 아니라 다른 많은 적들에 의해서도 시험되었다. 물론 주가노프는 “반러시아 프로젝트를 강화하고 위험한 도발을 펼치고 있는 '세계 올리가르히 (과두제)'”에 의해 조작된 “'모스크바 침공' 연막”을 강하게 비난한다. 이 KPRF 지도자가 우크라이나 접경지에 10만의 러시아 병력이 있는 것을 볼 수 없을 정도의 거대한 연막이 펼쳐져 있나보다. 적어도, 그는 그의 긴 공개서한에서 이 결코 안 중요하지 않은 사실을 단 한 번도 언급하지 못하고 있다!
주가노프는 또 스탈린주의 쏘연방이 아직 존재하고 우크라이나인들이 모스크바의 지혜의 이점을 누렸던 영광스러운 시절을 상기시켜 우크라이나 “형제자매들”의 공감을 얻으려고도 한다. "교활한 두뇌들은 쏘연방 우크라이나가 쏘연방에서 존경받고 사랑받았다는 사실을 우리 인민의 의식에서 지우기를 꿈꾼다. 우크라이나의 성공에 모두가 기뻐했다. 그것은 민족과 언어로 시민들이 나뉘지 않는 위대하고 강한 나라의 공통 유산이 되었다." 그러나 스탈린주의 쏘연방에서 삶이 그렇게 즐거웠다면 왜 대다수의 우크라이나인들이 자신의 독립 국가를 갖겠다고 뻗댔고 또 뻗대고 있을까? 왜 우크라이나 (그리고 많은 다른 국가들)는 1991년 이후에 쏘연방을 떠나기로 선택했을까? 그리고 만약 러시아 탱크가 아니었다면, 체첸 인민도 지금은 그들의 독립 국가를 가졌을 것이다.[8]
그러나 스탈린주의자들이 왜 이런 역사적 사실에 신경 쓰겠는가? 그리고, 어쨌든, 만약 배은망덕한 민족들이 러시아의 지배를 받는 것의 혜택을 망각한다면, 그들에게는 불운이다! 듣지 않는 자는 느껴야 한다. 푸틴은 그들에게 모스크바 지배의 이점을 보여줄 것이다. 그들이 그것을 좋아하든 않든 간에!
따라서 주가노프가 그의 공개서한에서 우크라이나의 독립을 딱 두 번 언급한 것은 우연이 아니다. 한번은 서방국가들의 음모로서, 두번째는 나치 이론가 알프레드 로젠베르크의 위험한 사상으로서! 만약 KPRF와 그들의 주인 푸틴이 그들 뜻대로 할 수 있게 된다면 우크라이나 인민은 얼마나 많은 독립을 부여받을 수 있을지 짐작이 되는가?!
그러나 KPRF는 단지 가장 노골적인 대러시아 배외주의 당일뿐이다. 그들의 국제 맹우들도 기본적으로 이 접근법을 공유한다. 예를 들어, 미국공산당(CPUA)은 다음과 같이 썼다. "우크라이나와 러시아에 관한 약간의 역사를 염두하는 것도 유용하다. 우크라아나와 러시아는 역사적으로 밀접히 연결되어 왔다. 러시아 국가는 수세기 전, 오늘날 우크라이나의 수도인 키예프에서 시작되었으며, 현대에는 둘 다 쏘연방의 일부였다. 그 시절에 우크라이나는 러시아를 포함한 여타 쏘연방 공화국들보다 높은 생활수준을 가졌다. 그때나 지금이나 우크라이나 인구의 40% 남짓이 러시아인이다. 생산적인 공업 지역인 동부 우크라이나는 언어와 민족에서 거의 전적으로 러시아인이다. 이 나라의 수백만 가정은 서로 다른 민족집단의 부모들을 가장으로 하고 있는데, 이 부모 중 한 사람은 우크라이나인이고 다른 한 사람은 러시아인이다. 현 우크라이나 대통령 볼로디미르 젤렌스키도 대통령 선거에 출마하기 전에 러시아어를 말하는 유명한 코미디언이었다. 그러나 그는 당선된 뒤 우크라이나어를 말하기 시작했다. 간단히 말해 우크라이나와 러시아 사이에 어떤 민족적 적대의 기초도 없다는 것이다."[9]
다른 스탈린주의 당들의 글들에서도 같은 생각을 발견할 수 있다. 예를 들어, 인도공산당(맑스주의)는 "우크라이나와 러시아는 공통의 역사와 가족적 유대를 공유한다"고 말한다.[10] 말 나온 김에 언급하자면, 인도공산당(맑스주의) 자신이 나라 안의 민족·인종 소수자를 향한 인도 배외주의에 영합해온 오랜 역사를 가지고 있으며 이에 따라 소 민족들의 자결권을 부정하고 이들 피억압 인민의 정당한 저항을 지지하길 거부하는 것으로 결과한 것은 결코 우연이 아니다.[11]
이 스탈린주의자들은 우크라이나 민족이 그 존재 시작 때부터 1991년 소련 해체 때까지 대부분의 시간 동안 러시아에 의해 민족 억압을 받았다는 사실에 대해 단 한 마디도 언급하지 못하고 있다! 우크라이나가 러시아와 "가까운" 이유는 러시아가 우크라이나를 점령하고 억압하여 우크라이나를 가까이 있지 않을 수 없게 했기 때문이다!
물론 우크라이나와 러시아 사이에 유대관계가 있다는 것은 부인할 수 없다. 그러나 첫째, 우크라이나와 폴란드, 벨로루시, 몰다비아, 크림 타타르족 사이에도 역사적인 유대관계가 존재한다. 그러한 유대관계들 모두가 존재한다. 사회주의자들의 임무는 민족적 경계를 넘어 인민의 통일단결을 진전시키기 위해 이들 민족 간의 어떠한 민족주의적 편견에도 반대하고 그러한 유대를 강화하는 것에 있다. 그러나 그러한 모든 유대관계는 압력과 강압이 아니라 자발적인 동의에 의거해야 한다!
둘째로, 그리고 더 중요한 것으로, 민족 억압의 역사적 관계가 우크라이나 인민으로 하여금 그러한 러시아의 "형제애" 제의에 매우 예민하게 반응하게 만들었다. 자신의 언어와 문화를 가진 별개의 우크라이나 민족의 존재는 1917년 이전 차르 체제 치하에서 간단히 부정되었다. 우크라이나 민족의 모든 공적 표현 시도는 잔인하게 진압되었다. 10월 혁명 이후 진정한 볼셰비즘의 시대가 우크라이나의 민족적 발전의 눈부신 개화기를 가져왔지만 (상기한 코레니사지자 정책을 보라), 1920년대에 스탈린주의 관료가 권력을 잡은 후 이 개화는 지속될 수 없었다. 그때부터 모스크바는 우크라이나인을 포함한 소 민족들을 희생시키면서 대러시아 배외주의를 장려했다.[12]
특히 트라우마적인 경험은, 가난한 농민들과 농업이 생계에 중심 비중을 차지하는 사람들에게 파괴적인 결과를 가져온 1920년대 말 이래 스탈린주의 강제 집단화 정책이었다. 정확한 수치는 논쟁 중이지만, 1932-33년의 대기근 동안에 많은 우크라이나인들을 포함하여 수백만 명의 사람들이 죽었다는 것에는 의심의 여지가 없다. 레온 트로츠키는 스탈린주의에 대한 그의 가장 포괄적인 저작인 "배반당한 혁명"에서 이 시기에 소련은 "다시 내전과 기아와 전염병의 무대가 되었다"고 썼다. 그러나 이번에는 그러한 재앙이 외국 침략자들과 백군 반혁명 도당들에 의한 것이 아니라 스탈린주의 관료 자신들에 의한 것이었다!
이것이 우크라이나 인민에게 트라우마를 낳은 경험이었다는 것은 자명하다. 이 비극에 대한 방대한 문헌이 존재하는데, 기근이 우크라이나 인민을 복속시키기 위해 스탈린에 의해 의도된 것인지의 문제를 논하고 있다.[14]
1923년부터 스탈린주의 지도부에 대항하는 공산당 내 좌익반대파에 기원을 두고 있는 트로츠키 주도의 제4인터내셔널은 언제나 스탈린 관료 정권의 민족 정책에 반대하며 소 민족들의 권리를 방어했다. 1930년대 후반에 트로츠키는 우크라이나 인민의 민족 억압 경험으로부터, 사회주의자들은 "통일된 자유롭고 독립적인 노동자·농민 소비에트 우크라이나"라는 슬로건을 내걸어야 한다고 결론 내렸다. 그러한 “노동자·농민 우크라이나”는 한편으로 “제국주의에 대항하여, 그리고 다른 한편으론 모스크바 보나파르트주의에 대항하여” 방어되어야 했다.[15]
현 상황으로 돌아가서, 이러한 역사적 경험을 볼 때 우크라이나 주민 대다수가 어떤 형태의 러시아의 점령도 단호하게 거부하는 것은 놀라운 일이 아니다. 최근 여론 조사에 따르면, 우크라이나 시민의 3분의 1이 러시아의 침공 시에 기꺼이 "무장 저항"에 들어갈 것이라고 한다![16]
푸틴을 볼셰비키의 민족자결주의를 거부한다고 비판할 수는 없다. 그는 공산주의자도 아니며 그렇게 자처하지도 않는다. 푸틴은 계급의 적이자 유라시아의 제국주의 헌병이다. 그러나 스스로를 레닌의 전통에 서 있는 “공산주의자”라고 칭하는 스탈린주의자들의 변명은 무엇일까?! 레닌은 배외주의에 일관되게 반대하는 데 실패한 러시아 공산주의자들에 대해 이렇게 말하곤 했다. "공산주의자 몇 명을 긁어보라. 그러면 대러시아 배외주의자들을 발견할 것이다."[17] 그러나 오늘날의 스탈린주의의 경우, 그들의 반동적인 배외주의 영합을 보기 위해서는 긁을 필요가 전혀 없다!
우리가 다른 문서들에서 지적했듯이 우크라이나는 고립된 사례가 아니다. 지배 민족의 배외주의에 영합하는 것은 스탈린주의의 일반적인 특징이다.[18]
요약하자면, 중세의 타락한 주교들이 신약의 가르침을 거의 지키지 않은 만큼이나 스탈린주의자들도 레닌 강령의 원래 원칙을 지키지 않는다! 다음과 같은 레닌의 비난은 이들 타락한 모방자들에게 딱 들어맞는다. “핀란드·폴란드·우크라이나 등등의 분리독립의 자유를 내걸지 못하는 러시아 사회주의자들은 배외주의자들처럼 굴고 있다. 피투성이의 제국주의 군주제와 제국주의 부르주아지의 시종들처럼 말이다.”[19]
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[1] 이에 대해서는 다음을 보라. chapter II in the pamphlet by Michael Pröbsting: The Uprising in East Ukraine and Russian Imperialism. An Analysis of Recent Developments in the Ukrainian Civil War and their Consequences for Revolutionary Tactics, 22. October 2014, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/ukraine-and-russian-imperialism/.
[2] Björn Alexander Düben: “There is no Ukraine”: Fact-Checking the Kremlin’s Version of Ukrainian History, 1.7.2020, https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lseih/2020/07/01/there-is-no-ukraine-fact-checking-the-kremlins-version-of-ukrainian-history/
[3] Article by Vladimir Putin ”On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians“, 12 July 2021, http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/66181.
[4] 초기 소련의 민족 정책에 관한 방대한 문헌이 존재한다. 다음 두 책이 가장 훌륭하다. Terry Martin: The Affirmative Action Empire. Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939, Cornell University Press, Ithaca 2001, 및 Jeremy Smith: Red Nations: The Nationalities Experience in and after the USSR, Cambridge University Press, New York 2013; 많은 정보를 담은 다른 책들도 있다. Richard Pipes: The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917–1923, Revised Edition, Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1997; Hélène Carrère d'Encausse: The Great Challenge. Nationalities and the Bolshevik State, 1917–1930. Holmes and Meier, New York 1992. See also our pamphlet by Yossi Schwartz: The National Question. The Marxist Approach to the Struggle of the Oppressed People, August 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/the-national-question/
[5] V.I. Lenin: The Right of Nations to Self-Determination (1914), in: LCW Vol. 20, p. 413
[6] Program of the RKP(b): adopted March 22, 1919 at the Eighth Congress of the Russian Communist Party; in: Robert H. McNeal and Richard Gregor: Resolutions and decisions of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Vol.2, The Early Soviet Period: 1917-1929, University of Toronto Press, Toronto 1974, p.61
[7] Gennady Zyuganov: To the fraternal people of Ukraine, KPRF, 7.2.2022 http://www.solidnet.org/article/CP-of-the-Russian-Federation-To-the-fraternal-people-of-Ukraine/
[8] 다음을 보라. Where does the RCIT Stand on Russia's Occupation of Chechnya? https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/russia-and-chechnya/; Russian Troops Out! Self-determination for Chechnya!, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/freedom-for-chechnya/; 다음도 보라. Fight against Russian capitalism and imperialism at home and abroad! Provisional Platform of the Revolutionary Communists (Russian Federation), September 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/rcit/platform-of-rcit-russia/
[9] John Wojcik: The West, not Russia, is responsible for the war danger in Ukraine, CPUSA, January 21, 2022, https://peoplesworld.org/article/the-west-not-russia-is-responsible-for-the-war-danger-in-ukraine/
[10] R Arun Kumar: Imperialist Designs in Ukraine, CPI(M), January 30, 2022, https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2022/0130_pd/imperialist-designs-ukraine
[11] 이에 대해서는 다음 팜플렛을 보라. Michael Pröbsting: The Kashmir Question and the Indian Left Today. Marxism, Stalinism and centrism on the national liberation struggle of the Kashmiri people, 26 September 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/kashmir-question-and-indian-left-today/
[12] 우크라이나에서의 스탈린주의 정책에 대해서는 다음을 보라. George Liber: Soviet nationality policy, urban growth, and identity change in the Ukrainian SSR 1923-1934, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1992, pp. 145-174; 다음도 보라. Serhy Yekelchyk: Stalin's Empire of Memory. Russian-Ukrainian Relations in the Soviet Historical Imagination, University of Toronto Press, Toronto 2004
[13] Leon Trotsky: The Revolution Betrayed. What Is the Soviet Union and Where Is It Going? (1936), Pathfinder Press, New York 1972, p. 190
[14] 다음을 보라. Robert Conquest: The Harvest of Sorrow. Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine, Oxford University Press, New York 1986; Anne Applebaum: Red Famine: Stalin’s War on Ukraine, Penguin Randomhouse, New York 2017; Andrea Graziosi: The Soviet 1931-1933 Famines and the Ukrainian Holodomor: Is a New Interpretation Possible, and What Would Its Consequences, in: Harvard Ukrainian Studies, Vol. 27, No. 1/4 (2004-2005), pp. 97-115; 맑스주의적 논의를 담고 있는 저작들로는, 러시아의 탁월한 트로츠키주의 역사가 고 Wadim S. Rogowin의 다음 저작을 보라. Stalins Kriegskommunismus, Mehring Verlag, Essen 2010, p. 377-383; 다음도 보라. Louis Proyect: Socialism Betrayed? Inside the Ukrainian Holodomor, February 24, 2017, http://www.counterpunch.org/2017/02/24/socialism-betrayed-inside-the-ukrainian-holodomor/
[15] Leon Trotsky: The Ukrainian Question (1939), in: Writings of Leon Trotsky, 1938-39, Pathfinder Press, New York 1974, p. 304 and 306; 다음도 보라. Trotsky’s follow-up article: Independence of the Ukraine and Sectarian Muddleheads (1939), in: Writings of Leon Trotsky, 1939-40, Pathfinder Press, New York 1973, pp. 44-54
[16] Dan Sabbagh: What would be Russia’s military options in Ukraine? 10 January 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/10/what-would-be-russia-military-options-in-ukraine-invasion
[17] V. I. Lenin: Speech Closing The Debate On The Party Programme, Eight Congress of the R.C.P.(B.) March 18-23, 1919, in: LCW Vol. 29, p. 194, https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1919/rcp8th/04.htm
[18] 다음을 보라. Michael Pröbsting: Stalinists Support Serbian Expansionism against Kosovo Albanians. Another Example of the Flirt of Stalinist Parties with the Plague of Arch-Reactionary Chauvinism, 13 December 2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/stalinists-support-serbian-expansionism-against-kosovo-albanians/; 같은 저자: Stalinist Chauvinism: The Example of the Greek KKE. Is “Defending the Sovereign Rights of Greece” against Turkey and Macedonia Legitimate? Marxist Internationalism versus Bourgeois Social-Chauvinism, 12 November 2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/the-greek-kke-and-stalinist-chauvinism/; 인도 스탈린주의자들과 그들의 인도 내 민족 소수자들에 대한 태도에 대해서는, 위에서 언급한 글들을 또한 보라. 무슬림 위구르족과 그 밖의 피억압 인민들을 겨냥한 중국 정권의 한족 배외주의 정책에 대한 스탈린주의자들의 지지에서 동일한 배외주의적 오만을 볼 수 있다.
[19] V.I. Lenin: The Socialist Revolution and the Right of Nations to Self-Determination (1916), in: LCW Vol. 22, p. 154
7. 카자흐스탄에서 시리아까지: 스탈린주의는 반혁명 편에 서고 있다
스탈린주의 당들의 러시아 제국주의 지지는 단순히 소련이 아직 초강대국이었을 때의 "영광스러운" 시절에 대한 향수 때문으로 설명될 수 없다. 그보다는 미국 패권을 러시아와 중국이 결정적 역할을 하는 “다극 질서”로 대체하는 대안적 제국주의 질서를 구축하자는 의제로 이들 당들이 폭넓게 합의하고 있음을 반영하는 것이다.
그 결과 이들 스탈린주의 당들은 워싱턴의 대외정책에 대한 베이징과 모스크바의 대응 행보를 지지하는 것에 그치지 않는다. 러시아 (및 중국)이 주변 반식민지·종속국들 속에서 자신의 제국주의 세력권을 공고히 하고 확대해나가는 것도 이들은 지지한다. 구체적으로는, 자국 민중봉기를 잔혹하게 진압하는 반동 독재정권을 밀고 뒷배가 되어줌으로써 러시아와 중국이 영향력 확대 몰이를 하고 있는 것에 대해서도 이들 스탈린주의 당들은 지지를 보낸다. 카자흐스탄 민중봉기를 적으로 하여 러시아연방공산당(KPRF)과 이들의 자매 스탈린주의 당들이 취하고 있는 반혁명적 입장은 가장 최근의 예일 뿐이다.[1] 우리가 다른 곳에서 보여주었듯이, 많은 스탈린주의자들이 토카예프 권위주의-자본가 정권에 맞선 카자흐 노동자·빈민들의 반란을 "CIA가 조종하는 색깔혁명"이라고 비방한다. 그에 따라 이들 스탈린주의자들은 시위자 수백 명을 학살하고 8,000여 명을 체포한 유혈 진압에 결정적 역할을 한 러시아 군대의 투입을 지지했다.[2]
인도공산당(M)도 카자흐스탄에서의 푸틴/토카예프 반혁명을 지지하는 반동 스탈린주의 당들 중 하나다. "미국은 자신의 간섭주의적인 태도에서 어떤 교훈도 배우지 못하고 호전적인 정책을 계속하면서, 이제 또 다른 중앙아시아 나라인 카자흐스탄에 참견하려 하고 있다. 이유는 역시 우크라이나와 동일하다. 러시아와 중국 모두와 긴 국경을 접하고 있는 카자흐스탄에 친미 정부를 심고 지역 전체를 불안정하게 만들기 위해서이다. 우크라이나와 카자흐스탄 사태는 전 세계에 패권을 강요하려는 미국의 시도를 반영한다. 미국은 다른 어느 나라의 부상도 용인할 수 없다. 특히 중국과 러시아의 부상에 참을 수 없어 한다. 미국은 다른 나라들에 군사력을 행사함으로써 자신을 괴롭히는 깊은 위기에서 벗어나려고 시도하고 있다. 그런 시도는 결코 성공하지 못할 것이라는 것을 역사가 증명했다. 미국과 그 제국주의 동맹들은 다시 한 번 같은 교훈을 배워야 한다. 이것은 인류의 생존과 세계 평화를 위해 필수적이다."[3]
이 글 서두에서 언급한 스탈린주의 당들 주도의 친러 공동성명 서명자 중 하나인 아일랜드 스탈린주의 당의 최근 성명은 푸틴의 푸들들이 다른 많은 나라의 민중운동들에 대해서도 반대하고 있다는 것을 선명하게 보여준다. “[서방은] 끊임없이 시리아 반군을 극단 이슬람주의 지하드파 아닌 다른 세력인 것처럼 왜곡 전달하고 있다. 또 베네수엘라, 벨라루스, 우크라이나, 홍콩, 니카라과에서처럼 어느 정도 자주권을 보존하고자 하는 정부들에 대항하여 색깔혁명을 조직하고 자금을 (수십 억 달러를 들여) 대는 시도들을 쉬지 않고 정기적으로 하며, 때로는 성공하기도 한다.”[4]
또 포르투갈 스탈린주의 당도 같은 반혁명적 입장을 표한다. “포르루갈공산당 중앙위원회는 시리아와 시리아 국민들의 저항에 연대를 표하며 높이 평가한다.”[5]
이와 같이 스탈린주의는 러·중 제국주의에 대한 지지뿐만 아니라 아사드 학살정권을 비롯한 그 밖의 반동 독재정권들을 편 듦으로써 그 철저히 반혁명적인 성격이 거듭 폭로되고 있음을 우리는 그 동안 수많은 문서들에서 제시해왔고, 여기서 그러한 결론을 다시 한 번 강조하는 바다. [6]
8. 러시아 제국주의는 "사회진보 세력"인가? 한 주목할 만한 스탈린주의 문서에 대한 토론
우리는 상기한 아일랜드 스탈린주의 당이 발표한 흥미로운 문서에 대해 토론하는 것으로 우리의 논문을 마무리하고자 한다. 이 문서는 스탈린주의적 사회제국주의의 이론적 결론을 그들의 자매 스탈린주의 당들이 보통 하는 것보다 훨씬 더 명료하게 제시한다는 점에서 주목할 만하다. 이 문서의 논리를 최대한 완전하게 제시하기 위해 문서 내용을 광범위하게 인용해 보겠다. [7]
기본적으로, 이들 스탈린주의자들은 구 소련과 푸틴 러시아 사이에 모종의 역사적 연속성을 만들어낸다. 관료 독재가 계획경제를 지배하는 ‘타락한 노동자 국가’[8]인 스탈린주의 소련과 오늘의 제국주의 러시아 사이에 말이다. 이들은 러시아가 더 이상 사회주의가 아니라는 것을 인정하면서도, 그럼에도 불구하고 러시아를 “사회진보 세력”으로 간주한다.
“물론, 신 러시아는 구 소련과는 전혀 달랐고 지금도 전혀 다르다. 지리적으로나 인구로나 훨씬 줄어들었다. 신 러시아는 1990년대에 급성장한 과두제 경제구조의 일부를 ㅡ 훨씬 길들여진 채로지만 ㅡ 유지하고 있다. 따라서 신 러시아는 소련의 이데올로기적 지향점을 결여하고 국내는 물론 국제적으로도 훨씬 더 소박한 의제를 추진하고 있다. 그럼에도 러시아가 계급과 민족의 모든 집단 정체성을 역사의 쓰레기 더미로 내모는 글로벌 자본주의의 선봉인 미 제국으로부터의 사실상의 독립을 유지하고자 고집하고 있다는 단순한 사실만으로도 이데올로기적 대항을 보여준다고 할 수 있다. 소련에 비하면 제한적이지만 말이다.
사회주의는, 그것을 추진하기 위해 국가 행동이 필요하다. 국가 주권을 미국 지배권에 내맡기거나 그저 다국적 기업에 대한 의존 관계로 존재하는 국가들은 사회주의를 위한 매개수단이 아니며 그럴 수도 없다. 쿠바·베네수엘라·시리아·러시아 같은 국가들의 존재는 그들 간의 상당한 차이에도 불구하고, 그리고 경우에 따라서는 유감스러운 사회주의 포기에도 불구하고, 미국 주도의 자본주의 질서에 질식되지 않는 미래 건설 가능성의 필수적 담지자로 남아 있다.
이러한 관점은 러시아 또는 러시아 정부에 대한 어떠한 환상도 수반하지 않는다. 러시아나 러시아 정부는 소련을 부활시키고 싶지 않다는 것을 분명히 했으며, 실제로 그들은 러시아 내에 대중적인 지지 기반을 여전히 가지고 있는 러시아연방공산당을 일관되게 방해해 왔다. 그러나 당면한 문제는 러시아 국내 정치가 아니라, 러시아의 미 제국에 대한 굴복을 수반하지 않는 방식으로 유혈충돌을 피할 필요가 있다는 점이다. 이 점에서는 러시아연방공산당도 못지않게 애국적이다. 그리고 10월 혁명뿐만 아니라 소련 내 러시아와 그 밖의 민족들의 존재 자체를 방어한 것이 바로 붉은군대였다는 것을 상기하는 것은 어렵지 않을 것이다.”
"러시아는 더 이상 사회주의가 아닐 수 있으며, 현재 국제적으로 그 방어적 지향이 어떤 추상적인 도덕적 이상을 지키기 위해서라기보다는 입지 약화의 결과일 수 있지만, 그러나 그럼에도 지금 수십 년 동안 전 세계를 헤집고 있는 것은 미국이다. 러시아 국경에까지 군사 반경을 확대하고 있는 것은 미국이지, 그 반대가 아니다. 네오나치와 지하드 파 민병대를 무장시키고 자금을 대는 것은 미국이다. 굳이 러시아인을 무고한 성가대 소년으로 보지 않아도 미 제국주의의 현실과 비교해서 러시아의 대외정책이 온화하고 분별력 있는 정책이라는 것을 식별해낼 수 있다."
“다시 한 번 말하지만, 정말이지 러시아연방은 소련이 아니며, 미국/나토와 협력하는 것에 대해 어떤 내재적인 이데올로기적 거리낌도 가지고 있지 않다. 러시아는 대등한 기초 위에서 협력하기를 바라는 데 반해 미국은 굴복하기를 기대하고 있다는 것이 러시아의 오류다. 러시아는 오랫동안 미국과의 관계 형성을 시도해왔지만, 그러나 지금 우크라이나가 완전히 미국의 군사적 영역에 편입될 상황을 맞아 러시아는 자신의 안보가 이처럼 직접적으로 약화되면 중기적으로 자주권을 유지할 수 없을 거라는 계산을 한다.”
‘여전히 존재하는 미 제국주의의 절대 패권’이라는 생각은 스탈린주의 판타지의 영역에 속하며, 오늘날의 인류가 살고 있는 세계와는 아무 공통점도 없다는 우리의 논지를 여기서 반복할 필요는 없을 것이다. 그 보다는 이 인용구들에 제시된 논리 (또는 논리의 결여)를 지적하고 넘어가겠다.
스탈린주의자들은 "러시아가 더 이상 사회주의가 아닐 수도 있다"고 인정해야 할 필요를 느끼는 것 같다. 대담한 발언이고, 축하를 보낸다! 그렇다면, 러시아는 무엇인가? 러시아가 "자본주의"가 되었다고 말하는 것은 너무 지나친가? 스탈린주의자들은 이 사실을 인지하고 있지만 회피하려 한다는 것을 알 수 있다. 러시아 경제가 ‘올리가르히’라고 불리는 소수 과두제 대자본가들이 소유하고 있는 내국 독점체들이 지배하고 있다는 것은 잘 알려진 사실이다. 이 점에서 스탈린주의자들의 그 같은 회피는 특히 놀랍다.
러시아 제국주의에 대한 우리의 연구에서 보여주었듯이, 러시아 경제는 강력한 내국인 기업들이 지배하고 있다. 몇 년 전, 한 연구보고서는 상위 32개 러시아 독점체가 러시아 GDP의 약 51%를 점유하고 있다는 것을 밝혔다.[9] 최근 발표된 한 연구에 따르면, 러시아의 가장 부유한 1%의 인구가 영국이나 미국과 같은 기존 제국주의 나라의 상위 1% 부자들보다 더 높은 소득과 부를 축적했다. (아래 표 1 참조)
표1. 러시아·영국·미국에서 소득과 부의 집중 (2021년) [10]
소득 부
러시아
상위 10% 46.4% 74.1%
상위 1% 21.5% 47.7%
영국
상위 10% 35.7% 57.1%
상위 1% 12.7% 21.3%
미국
상위 10% 45.5% 70.7%
상위 1% 18.8% 34.9%
물론, 스탈린주의자들이 러시아의 계급적 성격 문제를 회피하고 싶어 하는 것은 이해가 된다. 러시아가 자본주의이고 “미 제국으로부터” 독립적으로 남아 있을 만큼 강하다는 것을 인정해야 할 경우, 그들은 왜 러시아가 제국주의 열강으로 (미국보다는 약한 열강일지라도) 성격규정 되어서는 안 되는지를 설명하는데 어려움을 가지게 될 것이기 때문이다.
이 불편한 진실을 회피함으로써, 이들 스탈린주의자들은 러시아를 미국의 도전자일 뿐만 아니라 “글로벌 자본주의”에 대한 "이데올로기적 대항자"로 제시할 수 있게 된다. 모스크바는 라이벌 미국 독점체들과 세력권을 놓고 경쟁하는 러시아 독점체들의 이익을 대변한다고 말하는 것보다는, 이와 같이 모스크바를 “글로벌 자본주의”에 대한 “이데올로기적 대항자”로 묘사하는 것이 훨씬 더 좋게 보이는 것은 확실하다!
그러나 이 주목할 만한 문서의 스탈린주의 저자들은 진실을 감지한다, 현 상황은 서로 다른 계급적 성격의 두 사회-경제체제가 대치하고 있는 상황이 아니라는 진실 말이다. 나아가 현 강대국들 간 패권경쟁의 가속화가 1914년 이전, 즉 1차 세계대전 이전 상황과 같은 모습으로 비치고 있다는 것까지도 그들 마음속에 감지되기 시작한다.
"현 위기는 1914년 전야 시기를 연상시킨다. 오랜 평화기가 끊임없는 위기 표출로 무너져가고, 매 위기 표출 때마다 전쟁 가능성을 조금씩 더 높여가는 1914년 이전 시기 말이다. 영·미 패권 열강이 당시로선 독일, 지금은 중국 같은 신흥 공업 라이벌들을 경계하며, 이들 라이벌들이 힘을 충분히 발휘할 수 있기 전에 치려는 유혹을 받고 있다.
그러나 1914년 이후 많은 근본적인 차이점들이 나타났는데, 그 중 특히 일반화된 세계 대전으로 확대될 가능성을 줄여주는 ㅡ 그러나 제거하지는 못하는 ㅡ 최종적인 핵 충돌의 가능성이다. 또 다른 주요 차이점은 러시아와 중국의 성공적인 산업화다. 그리고 그에 따라 도시화와 프롤레타리아화 과정을 통한 농민 문제의 해결이다. 역사적으로 두 국가 모두 1914년 시기의 혁명에 극도로 취약했는데, 그 이유는 그들의 국가 형태 ㅡ 전자본주의 생산양식의 잔재 ㅡ 가 산업 자본주의의 현실 및 그것이 낳은 사회관계와 모순되었기 때문이다. 지금은 그렇지 않다."
러시아와 중국이 오늘날 "혁명에 취약하지" 않다는 것이 맞는지는 토론할 수 있다. 그러나 기본적으로, 이 역사적 비교에 관한 한 이들은 옳다. 그러나 1914년 전야의 강대국들 간 패권경쟁을 레닌 이하 맑스주의자들이 ‘제국주의’ 국가들 간의 분쟁으로 성격규정 한 것을 이들이 ‘감지’하지 못해왔다는 것은 특히 놀랍다, 두 제국주의 진영 어느 쪽이든 지지하는 것을 레닌/볼셰비키가 비난한 사실을 이들은 잊은 것인가?! 우리가 위에서 보여주었듯이, 당시 맑스주의자들은 강대국들이 "대등"하지 않으며, 한 진영 (영국과 프랑스)이 다른 진영 (독일)보다 훨씬 더 큰 식민지를 보유하고 있다는 것을 십분 인식하고 있었다. 그러나 당시의 어느 진정한 맑스주의자도 “대영제국”에 대항하여 독일을 편 든다는 결론에 이르지 않았다! 이들 스탈린주의자들이 1914년 이전에 존재했던 상황과 현 상황 간의 유사성을 인정한다는 사실은 그들의 역사적 통찰력과 함께 맑스주의의 국제주의적·반제국주의적 원칙에 대한 그들의 경멸감을 동시에 보여준다.
끝으로, 이 스탈린주의 당의 문서에는 주목할 가치가 있는 이들 특유의 또 하나 결론이 있다. 여기서도 다시 이들 스탈린주의자들이 자신의 논리를 끝단까지 밀고 가고 있는 것을 칭찬해야 마땅한데, 왜냐하면 그 논리가 스탈린주의의 반동적 성격을 공공연하게 드러내주고 있기 때문이다.
“국가권력이 자본에 대해 다시 우위에 서는 것은, 설사 비(非)노동계급 정부에 의한 것이라 하더라도 그 자체로 사회주의자들에게는 객관적 조건에서 개선이라고 할 수 있다. 여기서 요구되는 구체적인 한 걸음 개선은 미국이 더 이상 서방 부르주아지의 헌병으로 활동할 수 없을 정도로 큰 후퇴를 맞는 것이다. 미국이 내부 붕괴를 향해 나아가고 있는 것처럼 보이긴 하지만, 중대한 군사적 후퇴가 있을 때 해외에서의 그들의 지배력 축소를 가속화 시킬 것이고 더 광범위하게 국가권력이 다시 우위에 설 공간을 창출해 놓을 수 있을 것이다.... 러시아가 소련과 비교해 추락했음에도 불구하고, 아직 사회진보의 역군으로 역할 할 수 있는 것은 이와 같이 협소하나마 국가 주권이 다시 우위를 확보한 데 있다.”
그리하여 "비 노동계급 정부"에 의한 "국가권력의 우위 재확보"는 "사회주의자들의 객관적 조건"을 개선시킬 것이다. 그러한 "비 노동계급 정부"란 무엇일 수 있을까? 명백하게도 스탈린주의자들은, 그들이 볼 때 현재 "미 제국"에 도전하고 있는 정부들을 염두에 두고 있다. 즉 푸틴 정권 같은 정부를 염두에 두고 있는 것이다. 기억하시라. 이들 스탈린주의자들은 이 푸틴 정권이나 러시아 자체를 그들의 문서에서 "자본주의"로 성격규정 하고 있지 않다. 2,300 단어가 넘는 상당한 장문의 문서임에 불구하고 단 한 번도 “자본주의” 언급이 없다!
결국, 푸틴 형 정권을 어떤 식으로든 진보적인 유형의 정권으로 제시하고 싶어 하는 이 같은 옹호론은 전통적인 스탈린주의 전체를 관통하는 논리의 연장선에 있다. 1930년대에 스탈린주의자들은 자본가 당들과 동맹을 맺는 악명 높은 "인민전선" 정책을 제창했다. 그러한 “인민전선” 정부들도 "사회주의자들의 객관적인 조건"을 개선시킨다는 "비 노동계급 정부"였다. 실제로 "인민전선" 정부들은 위급한 상황에서 부르주아지의 지배를 구해주는 ‘거국정부’, “국민통합정부”였고, 언제나 노동자계급의 패배로 결과했다. (예를 들어 1936-39년 스페인과 프랑스 인민전선처럼). 보통 스탈린주의자들은 자본가계급에게 그들의 유용성이 다하면 이러한 인민전선 정부들에서 쫓겨나는 것이 통례였다. (예를 들어 1947년 프랑스, 이탈리아, 오스트리아에서).
이 같은 방식의 국내 계급협조 노선에 기초하여, 스탈린주의는 제국주의 열강들과도 동맹을 추구했다. 1930년대에 모스크바와 그 국제 마름들은 나치 독일에 대항하여 영국, 프랑스, 미국과의 동맹을 제창했다. 이때부터 그들은 이들 열강을 "제국주의"로 지칭하는 것을 극구 삼갔다. 모스크바의 대외정책 이해관계가 바뀌자 위선적인 양두구육 이데올로기 전체가 뒤집어져 물구나무섰다. 1939년부터 1941년까지 히틀러-스탈린 조약 기간 동안 스탈린주의자들은 "금권정치적" 서방 제국주의에 포화를 집중하는 반면, "평화애호적" 나치 독일에 대해서는 훨씬 더 조심스럽게 대했다.[11] 이뿐만 아니라 모스크바는 독일 · 오스트리아의 공산주의자들을 게슈타포에 넘기기까지 했다.[12] 이 시기에 스탈린주의는 영국·프랑스를 아시아·아프리카 인민들을 억압하는 "잔인한 식민 지배자들"이라고 규탄했다. 그러다 1941년 6월 (스탈린과 몰로토프에게는 대경실색할 일로서) 나치가 소련을 침공하자 다시 모든 것이 바뀌었다. 영국과 프랑스는 더 이상 억압 제국주의자가 아니라 반파쇼 민주주의 동맹군으로 간주되었다. 동맹군은 바뀌었지만, 제국주의 열강들 사이를 오가는 스탈린주의자들의 무원칙한 줄타기 책략과 양두구육의 정치노선은 변함없이 같았다!
아일랜드 스탈린주의 당의 문서는 1930년대와 1940년대의 바로 그 동일한 방법 노선을 오늘날의 조건에도 적용하는 방식으로 스탈린주의가 계속 이어지고 있음을 보여준다. 이름들과 국가들은 바뀌었다. "사회주의자들의 객관적 조건"을 개선시켜 주는 것은 이제 루즈벨트, 처칠, 히틀러 대신 푸틴 (및 시진핑)이다. 스탈린주의 논리는 놀랍고 동시에 역겹다. 반제국주의는 숨김없는 사회제국주의로 대체되고, 러시아 제국주의는 "사회진보의 역군"으로 역할 한다!
앞서 말했듯이, 아일랜드 문서는 스탈린주의의 논리를 보다 명시적으로 밝히고 있다는 장점이 있다. 그러나 결국은 대부분의 스탈린주의 당들의 방법 노선을 대표한다. 위에 언급한 인도공산당 문서의 다음 인용문은 이 점을 명확하게 보여준다. “제국주의가 우크라이나를 자신의 울타리 안에 남아있도록 강력하게 보장하기 위해 눈을 돌리는 또 다른 관심사는 전략적 입지 문제다. 러시아는 유라시아 나라들의 동맹 형성을 원하고 있고, 그런 동맹에 우크라이나가 있으면 러시아의 경제적 힘은 확실히 커질 것이다. 이들 나라 대부분이 러시아·중국 모두와 우호적인 관계를 맺고 있다. 우크라이나가 이런 동맹에 가입하거나 이런 나라들과 우호관계를 유지하는 것은 러시아와 중국을 강화시킬 뿐만 아니라 제국주의가 완전히 기반을 잃게 된다는 것을 의미한다. 아프가니스탄에서 받은 패배를 고려할 때, 이것은 저들의 패권 구도에 또 하나의 큰 타격을 의미할 것이다. 미국은 이 바뀌고 있는 현실을 받아들일 준비가 되어 있지 않다.”[13]
우리는 본다. 푸틴이 전 세계에 많은 푸들을 가지고 있다는 것을!
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[1] 카자흐스탄 민중봉기에 관한 RCIT 문서들을 다음의 우리 웹사이트 특별 페이지에서 볼 수 있다. https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/asia/compilation-of-articles-on-the-popular-uprising-in-kazakhstan/
[2] 이에 대해서는 위에서 언급한 다음 글을 보라. Michael Pröbsting: The Popular Uprising in Kazakhstan and Putin’s Patriotic “Communists”; 같은 저자: Kazakh Uprising and Stalinism: Marital Row or Serious Divisions? The revolutionary events in Kazakhstan and Russia’s military intervention provoke deep divisions between various Communist Parties, 12 January 2022, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/asia/kazakh-uprising-and-stalinism-marital-row-or-serious-divisions/ [<카자흐스탄 봉기에 대한 스탈린주의의 분열: 부부싸움인가, 심각한 분열인가?> https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/asia/kazakh-uprising-and-stalinism-marital-row-or-serious-divisions/#anker_1]
[3] R Arun Kumar: Imperialist Designs in Ukraine, CPI(M), January 30, 2022, https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2022/0130_pd/imperialist-designs-ukraine
[4] Workers’ Party of Ireland: The recent increase in tension in Eastern Europe and the potential for catastrophic conflict, 26.01.2022, http://www.solidnet.org/article/WP-of-Ireland-WPI-Statement-on-Ukraine/
[5] PCP: Communiqué of the Central Committee of the PCP of February 1, 2022, http://www.solidnet.org/article/Portuguese-CP-Communique-of-the-Central-Committee-of-the-PCP-of-February-1-2022/
[6] 이에 대해서는 다음 팜플렛을 보라. Michael Pröbsting: Syria and Great Power Rivalry: The Failure of the „Left“. The bleeding Syrian Revolution and the recent Escalation of Inter-Imperialist Rivalry between the US and Russia – A Marxist Critique of Social Democracy, Stalinism and Centrism, 21 April 2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/syria-great-power-rivalry-and-the-failure-of-the-left/; 같은 저자: Stalinism: Assad’s Best Friends Forever. A commentary on a joint international initiative of Stalinist parties, 3 July 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/stalinism-is-assad-s-best-friends-forever/ [<아사드의 스탈린주의 치어리더들 - 국제 스탈린주의 당들의 공동성명에 대한 논평> https://www.thecommunists.net/home/%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4/stalinism-is-assads-best-friend-forever/]
[7] Workers’ Party of Ireland: The recent increase in tension in Eastern Europe and the potential for catastrophic conflict, 26.01.2022, http://www.solidnet.org/article/WP-of-Ireland-WPI-Statement-on-Ukraine/
[8] 스탈린주의에 대한 우리의 분석으로는, 다음을 보라. League for the Revolutionary Communist International: The Degenerated Revolution: The Origin and Nature of the Stalinist States, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/stalinism-and-the-degeneration-of-the-revolution/; 다음도 보라. Chapter II in Michael Pröbsting: Cuba’s Revolution Sold Out? The Road from Revolution to the Restoration of Capitalism, August 2013, RCIT Books, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/cuba-s-revolution-sold-out/
[9] Who Owns Russia: 32 Largest Business Groups Make 51% of GDP, Emerging Markets Venue, July 12, 2010, http://www.emergingmarketsvenue.com/2010/07/12/russian_business_groups/
[10] World Inequality Report 2022. Coordinated by Lucas Chancel, Thomas Piketty, Emmanuel Saez, Gabriel Zucman, World Inequality Lab, wir2022.wid.world, p. 215, 223 and 225
[11] 히틀러-스탈린 조약 기간 당시의 스탈린주의 정책에 관한 다수의 책들이 출판됐다. 다음 책에 많은 문서가 공개되어 있다. Raymond James Sontag and James Stuart Beddie (Ed.): Nazi-Soviet Relations, 1939-1941. Documents from the Archives of the German Foreign Office, Department of State, 1948. 이 시기 스탈린주의 당들의 많은 문서들이 1989년 이후에야 공개되었다. 그 중 다수의 문서가 다음의 독일어판 책에 실려 있다. Bernhard H. Bayerlein. Der Verräter, Stalin, bist Du! Vom Ende der linken Solidarität 1939-1941. Komintern und kommunistische Parteien im Zweiten Weltkrieg, Aufbau Verlag, Berlin 2009; 다른 문서도 있다. J.W.Brügel: Stalin und Hitler. Europaverlag, Wien 1973. 다음도 보라. Bisovsky, Gerhard, Hans Schafranek und Robert Streibel (Ed.): Der Hitler-Stalin-Pakt, Verlag: Picus Verlag;, 1990.
[12] 다음을 보라. Margarete Buber-Neumann: Als Gefangene bei Stalin und Hitler, Seewald Verlag, Stuttgart 1985
[13] R Arun Kumar: Imperialist Designs in Ukraine, CPI(M), January 30, 2022, https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2022/0130_pd/imperialist-designs-ukraine
9. 스탈린주의와 사회제국주의: 맺음말
방금 설명했듯이, 스탈린주의는 (개량주의 일반처럼) 언제나 부르주아지 한 분파에 대항하여 다른 한 분파와의 전략적 동맹을 모색해 왔다. 이것은 일국 지형에서만이 아니라 국제 지형에서도 그러했다. 반면, 맑스·레닌주의를 계승한 진정한 트로츠키주의는 일국적으로, 국제적으로 부르주아지의 모든 분파들 및 모든 강대국에 대항하여 언제나 노동자계급 · 피억압자를 규합하기 위해 분투해왔다.
그러나 우리가 다른 곳에서 지적했듯이, 현 상황과는 중요한 차이가 있다. 과거에 스탈린주의 당들은 부르주아지의 한 분파 또는 제국주의 한 진영과의 계급협조를 정당화하기 위한 논리로, 이러한 계급협조가 "사회주의" 국가 (소련, 중국, 동유럽, 베트남, 북한, 쿠바 등)를 방어하는 데 도움이 될 것이라고 주장했다. 이와 같이 당시에 이들 스탈린주의 당들은 타락한 노동자 국가의 집권 스탈린주의 관료에 봉사하는 친자본주의적 · 친제국주의적 사이비 사회주의자들이었다.
그러나 오늘날 더 이상 "사회주의" 국가가, 즉 타락한 노동자 국가가 존재하지 않으므로 이것은 현 상황과는 다르다. 실제로 많은 스탈린주의 당들이 여전히 중국이 "사회주의"라고 주장하고 있다. 이것은 물론 완전히 말도 안 되는 헛소리다. 그러나 이 사실과 상관없이, 그들 자신의 말로 보더라도 스탈린주의자들은 그들의 방법을 오늘날의 달라진 조건에 적용하고 있다. 우리가 이 논문에서 보여주었듯이, 그들은 그들 자신의 분석으로도 "사회주의"와는 아무 공통점도 없는 푸틴 러시아와 같은 열강들에 대해서도 지지를 내건다.
과거에 스탈린주의 당들이 타락한 노동자 국가의 관료층에 봉사하는 하수인으로서 부르주아지 한 분파 또는 제국주의 한 진영을 그와 같이 지지했다면, 오늘날 이들 스탈린주의자들은 아예 직접적으로 지배계급 한 분파를, 그리고 제국주의 한 진영을 대놓고 섬긴다.
따라서 이러한 종류의 사회제국주의는 부르주아 지정학주의의 형태를 취한다. 우리가 부르주아 지정학주의라고 말하는 것은, 이러한 종류의 사회제국주의가 세계정세와 투쟁의 과제를 노동자계급 · 피억압인민의 대의를 밀어가는 국제 계급투쟁의 관점에서가 아니라 세계질서 재정렬 (즉 미국·EU 같은 기존 강대국들에게 불리하게, 중·러 같은 신흥 강대국들에게 유리하게)의 관점에서 규정하고자 하기 때문이다.
부수적으로 말하자면, 부르주아 지정학주의는 고전적인 스탈린주의 "일국 사회주의"론의 사생아라고 할 수 있다. 그것은 "사회주의"를 삭제하고 모종의 "일국 자본주의"에 만족한다.[1]
이 같은 야바위 사회제국주의와는 대조적으로 진실된 사회주의자들의 임무는 모든 강대국들에 맞서 싸우고, 모든 제국주의 열강에 대항하여 노동자·피억압자의 모든 해방투쟁을 지지하는 것이다.[2] 어느 한 강대국 진영을 지지하는 개량주의 당들, 또 민중봉기 (최근 예로 미얀마나 카자흐스탄 민중봉기) 탄압을 지지하는 개량주의 당들, 이 같은 당들은 민중의 적이다! 사회주의자들은 노동자계급 속에서 이들의 영향력에 맞서 싸워야 한다.
강대국들 및 그들의 사회제국주의적 마름들과의 투쟁을 노동자·민중조직 내에서 밀어가기 위해서는 진정한 혁명적 세력들이 힘을 합치고 강화시켜야 한다. 오늘 혁명가들이 작은 소수파로 있다는 점에서 이것이 어려운 과제라는 것은 사실이다. 새로운 사회주의혁명 세계당 창건은 대중 속에 뿌리를 쌓고 기간대오를 교육 육성하고 실천적 검증을 거치는 등의 긴 과정을 요구한다. 그러나 어려움과 약점을 인정하는 것은 절망할 이유가 아니라, 존재하는 문제들에 정면으로 대면하고 정력적으로 일에 착수하기 위한 것이다.
오늘날 RCIT는 그러한 세계당을 만드는 데 몸 바치고 있는 준 당(pre-party) 조직이다. 우리는 아직 작은 조직이지만 지난 10년을 거치며 전 대륙의 이십여 개 나라에 지부와 활동가들이 있는 국제 조직을 만들어 왔다. 우리는 세계 계급투쟁의 가장 중요한 쟁점들에서 우리와 의견을 같이 하는 전 세계의 모든 혁명적 조직들과 활동가들에게 손을 뻗는다. 혁명 세계당 건설에 우리와 힘을 합치자! 동서 모든 강대국에 맞서 싸우는, 그리고 강대국 및 그 반동 마름들에 대항하여 노동자·피억압자의 모든 해방투쟁을 지지하는 공동의 국제 조직을 함께 만들자!
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[1] 이에 대해서는 다음을 보라. Leon Trotsky: The Permanent Revolution (1929), Pathfinder Press, New York 1969.
[2] 다음을 보라.. RCIT: Theses on Revolutionary Defeatism in Imperialist States, 8 September 2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/theses-on-revolutionary-defeatism-in-imperialist-states/ [<제국주의 국가에서의 혁명적 패전주의에 관한 테제> https://www.thecommunists.net/home/%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4/theses-on-revolutionary-defeatism-in-imperialist-states/]